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Concept
An abstract idea or a general notion that represents something
Example:
The ___ of gravity explains why objects fall to the ground
Concept
Prototype
Early model or version of a product used to test and refine it’s design
Engineers built a ____ of the new smart phone to evaluate it’s features
Prototype
Cognition
Mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and senses
Example:
Solving a complex math problem requires strong ____ to analyze and process the information
Cognition
Divergent Thinking
Ability to generate new ideas, solutions, or artistic expressions
I use ____ ____ while in the Physics Lab
Divergent Thinking
Convergent Thinking
Process of finding a single, correct solution to a problem using logic and reasoning
I use ____ ___ while solving a multiple choice test
Convergent Thinking
Algorithm
Step-by-step procedure of a set of rules used to solve a problem or task
Solving a rubik’s cube requires many ______s
Algorithm
Heuristic
A mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to make decisions quickly
When grocery shopping, using a _____ to choose familiar brands saves time
Heuristic
Insight
Sudden recognization or understand of a problem’s solvution
Having ____ on a puzzle allowed me to fit the last piece
Insight
Confirmation Bios
Tendency to seek, interpret, and remember info that supports one’s existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory experience
Only reading news that aligns with one’s political bias is a sign of ________ ____
Confirmation Bias
Mental set
Tendency to approach answers in a particular way, often based on past experiences, which may limit creativity
When your computer froze and you restarted and it worked, you may only restart it to fix it instead of trying anything else, this is an example of a _____ ___
Mental set
Intuition
Ability to know or understand something without the need for conscious reasoning
She had a strong _____ that something was wrong, even before receiving news
Intuition
Representative heuristic
Mental shortcut where people judge the odds of an event based on how similar it is to the prototype or stereotype
Assuming a man is a librarian because he is quiet and likes to read is an example of a _______ _____
representative heuristic
Availability Heuristic
Mental shortcut where people judge the probability of an event based on how easily examples come to mind
After hearing several airplane accidents in the news. Overestimating the risk of flying is an example of _________ _____
Availability Heuristic
Overconfidence
The tendency to overestimate one’s ability or knowledge in a particular area
An ______ in the ability for being ready for a test leads to a poor grade.
Overconfidence
Belief perserverance
The tendency to maintain one’s beliefs even when presented with contradictory evidence
Despite the new data showing otherwise, he exhibited _____ _________ by continuing to support his original theory.
Belief Perserverance
Framing
The way info is prepared, which can influence how people perceive or interpret it
Someone’s decision being changed when seeing 90% success rate vs a 10% failure rate is an example of ______
Framing
Base Rates
The general frequency or probability of an event occurring in a given population or context.I
Ignoring the ____ ____ of accidents in a city, he overestimated the likelihood of being in a car crash based on a recent study.
Base Rates
Conjuction Fallacy
When people assume that specific conditions are more probable than a general one, even though the general event is more likely.
Believing that my English Teacher is both a teacher and librarian is an example of _____ _____
Conjuction Fallacy
Functional Fixedness
The tendency to see objects to only in their traditional use, limiting problem solving (Convergent Thinking)
Struggle to use a paperclip as a way to pick a lock represents _______ _______
Functional fixedness
Gambler’s Fallacy
The belief that past events in a random sequence after the probability of future eventsA
After flipping heads several times in a row, believing that tails is next is an example of ______ _____
Gambler’s fallacy
Priming
Process by which exposure to one stimulus influences the response in a subsequent stimulus, often unconciously
After seeing the word “yellow”, people are faster to recognize the word “banana” due to ______
Priming
Sunk Cost Fallacy
The tendency to continue an endeavor once an investment in money, time, or resources has been made, even when it’s no longer rational
Keep watching a boring movie because I already spent 30 minutes on it represents ____ ____ _______
Sunk Cost FallacyMt
Meta Cognition
Thinking about strategies or problem solving possibilities
Planning on how to use a set of plans represents ____ _______
Meta Cognition
What are the 3 steps in the memory process?
Encoding → Storage → Retrieval
Encoding
Get info to the brain
Storage
Retains the information
Retrieval
Gets the information back out
Connectionism
Viewing memories as products of interconnected neural networks
What ar the 3 stages of memory according to Atkinson Shiffrin’s model?
Sensory Memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Sensory Memory
Memories that last fractions of a second
Short-term Memory
~7+-2 items capacity, duration 20 seconds (w/o rehearsal)
Long-term Memory
Could last indefinitely
Could be unable to retrieve info
Explicit/Declarative Memories
The facts and experiences we can consciously know
Example of Explicit/Declarative Memories
I can tell you what I wore on the NFC Championship game
Implicit/Nondeclarative Memories
Retention independent of conscious recollection
Example of Implicit/Nondeclarative Memories
You may remember the answers for a test based on where it was on a study guide
Parallel Processing
Human brain processes things simultaneously
As you enter the lunchroom, you see the people, sounds of voices, and smell food
Iconic Memory (after image)
Very brief sensory memory of visual stimuli
Echoic (Hearing)
¾ second sensory memory of auditory stimuli
What are some ways to increase memory capacity?
Chunking
What role does the frontal lobe play in memory?
Memory, Decision-making, retrieving explicit memories
What role does the hippocampus play in memory? Are memories stored in the hippocampus?
Forming new explicit memories, they are not stored in the hippocampus.
What structures are needed for implicit memory storage
Cerebellum & Basal Ganglia
What is a flashbulb memory? Are they correct always?
Highly detailed, vivid memory of an emotional significant event. No they are not correct and are subject to distortion, errors, and reconstruction over time
Identify the 3 measures of retrieval and examples of each
Recall - Retrieving info w/o cues (Fill-in-the-blank tests)
Recognition - Identify info previously learned (Multiple choice tests)
Relearning - Learning info more quickly the 2nd time (Studying)
Context dependent memory
Tendency to recall info better when in the same environment (Chewing gum while studying may lead to better scores while chewing gum on the test)
State depedent memory
Retrieval is easier when it’s the same physical or emotional state as when learning occured
Mood congruent memory
Tendency to recall memories that match one’s current mood
Serial position effect (primacy/recency effect)
People tend to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items
Anterograde amnesia
The inability to form new memories after brain damage, while past memories remain intact
Retrograde amnesia
The inability to recall past memories, often due ot trauma or injury, while the ability to form new memories may remain
Proactive interference
When old info interferes with the recall of new info
Calling your current girlfriend by your ex’s name is an example of ______ ________
Proactive Interference
Retroactive Inference
New info interfering with old info
Learning a new password makes it hard to remember the previous one is an example of ________ ________
Retroactive Interference
Motivated forgetting/repression
Individuals unconsciously push embarrassing moments out of awareness; Freudian
Misinformation effect
Alters memory of an event, often due to suggestive questioning of post-event misinformation
Source amnesia
Forgetting the source of memory
Interference
People forget b/c of interference from others info
Study calculus → AP World History → Physics
