bio aging test 2

What are the 11 glands of the endocrine system?

1. Hypothalamus: Regulates body temp, homeostasis, emotional behavior, sexual apitite, hunger thirst.

2. Anterior pituitary:

   1. MSH (melanocyte stimulant)

   2. PRL(Prolactin “milk release”)

   3. ACTH( cortisol release i.e stress and inflammation)

   4. HGH (human growth hormone)

   5. GH: (produces gamates )

   6. FSH (folliule stimulating)

   7. LH: regulates reproductive cycle and in men produces testosterone 

3. Posterior pituitary: 

   1. ADH/vasporissin (regulates blood pressure, conserves water loss)

   2. Oxytocin (contracting uterus during childbirth and milk release)

4. Thyroid: 

   1. Calcitonin (lower blood calcium)

   2. Thyroxine (regulates metabolism and development)

5. Parathyroid: raises blood calcium

6. Adrenal glad: ontop of kidneys and secretes

   1. Adrenal medulla (fight of flight)

   2. Adrenal cortex (secretes glucorticoids; digest fats, carbs, proteins)

7. Pancreas

   1. Insulin (lowers sugar)

   2. Glucagon (raises blood sugar)

8. (and 11) Gonads [ovaries and testies]

   1. estrogen (wider hips, easy birth canal, milk release)

   2. Testosterone (muscle strength, wide vocal cords, hair in arm etc)

9. Thymus glad: Thymosin fights infection

10. Pineal gland: secreates melotonin

What is Hypothyroidism? 

Underactive thyroid whith low level of thyroid hormones

ex. Hashimoto disease 

signs: Weight gain and constipation 

what is hyperthyroidism?

High levels of thyroid hormones

ex: graves disease

Signs: Tremure, weight loss, bulging eyes, tremor, irregular heart beat

what is crushing sydrome 

• rise in glucose levels 

• fats/lipid accumulation in face or neck

• too musch costisol 

• signs: fatty lump between the shoulder or purple skin marks 

what is addison syndome? 

• decrease in cortisol levels so immune system attacks adrenal glands 

• low blood and salt intake 

• signs: 

  • prolonged steroid use 

  • diareham neausa, abdominal pain.

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

• type 1: complete lack of insulin so daily injections needed

• type 2: tissure resistence to insulin 

what are some age related changes to the endocrine system? 

• vascularization: abnormal blood veseel formation around cornea and retina 

• less HGH so the elders shrink 

• less thyroid hormone so body temp goes down 

• bone deminerilization 

• cortisol levels lower 

• menopause 

• less mobility 

what are the neurological cells found in the CNS

1. oligodendrocyte 

2. astocyte 

3. ependymal 

4. microglial 

what are the neuroglial cells in the PNS

1. schwann

2. Satellite 

what are the four major parts of the brain

• Cerebrum: largest part of the brain 

• Cerebellum: maintains posture, balance and coordination, making smooth coordinated movement 

• Diencephalon: contains thalamus and hypothalamus 

• brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla obolongata

what are the functions of the spinal cord?

• gray matter: controls movement, emotions, memory. Recieves information and regulated outgoing information. 

• white matter: balance, coordination, transmit signals to other parts of the brain

• central canal- transports CSF helps to transfer nutrients to spinal cord 

describe parasympathetic

rest and digest; hosekeeping division. Normal heart rate, normal blood pressure goes up and respiration goes up. 

describe sympathetic 

fight or flight

heart rate goes up, blood pressure goes up, and respiration goes up.

age related changes to nervous system 

• 10,000 nerve cells die in one day 

• mylein sheath diintegrates slowing nerve conduction

• decline in word usage and long term memory 

what are the 12 cranial nerves and their functions

1. olfactory: smell 

2. optic:vision 

3. oculomotor  movement of eyeball and eyelid 

4. trochlear : movement of eye laterally and down

5. trigeminal : touch pain and chewing 

6. abducens : movement of eye laterally

7. facial: facial expression, taste, tears, saliva

8. vestibulocochlear : hearing and balance 

9. glosspharyngeal: gag reflex, taste, chewing 

10. vagus: internal organs and respiration rate

11. spinal accesory : neck and shoulder movemnt 

12. hypoglossal: tounge movement 

what are the functions of the muscular system

• protect internal organs

• covers body 

• supports 

  • produces body heat 

What are the types of muscle tissue

• Skeletal 

  • Volunatry 

  • striated 

    • ex. Bones 

• Cardiac 

  • involuntary 

  • striated 

    • heart 

• smooth muscle tissue 

  • invoulntary 

  • nonstraited 

    • ex. digestive and respitaory

What muscles are in the Hamstring group 

• Semitendinosus

• semimembranosus

• biceps femoris

What muscles are in the quads group

• rectus femoris

• vastus lateralis

• vastus medials

• vastus intermedius 

what muscles are in the adductor group

• Brevis 

• magnus 

• longus 

what are some age related changes to the skeletal muscle tissue 

• Skeletal muscle mass decreases

• muscle atrophy and decrease number of muscle fibers 

• muscle replaced with fatty tissue 

• muscle fiber loss of 30% 30-80

• less skeletal muscle strength 

what is parkinsons

uncontrollable contractions of skeletal muscle producing tremors and rigidity of muscle, may not swing thier arms while walking. (decrease dopamine)

what are age related changes to the nervous system

• nerve cells can not be reproduced

• blood flow to brain declines espesically in stroke patients

• slower cognitive function, harder to retain new information

• mylein sheat disintegrates

what’s insomnia 

common sleep disorder

caused by anxiety, lack of exercise, chronic illness, and medication

define a stroke 

• blood clot blocks the blood and oxygen flow to the brain which also causes high blood pressure 

• symptom/sign: side of face drops, slurred speech, muscle weakness

what are the structual receptor types and their function?

• photoreceptor: activated by light

• exteroreceptor: external response to stimuli 

• interorecteptor: internal response to stimuli 

• proprioception: muscle movement /contraction 

  • eccentric: lengthening (yoga and pilates)

  • cocentric: shortening (bicep curls)

what are the functional receptor types and their function 

• Chemoreceptors

• osmorecptors: fluid balance within the body 

• nociceptor 

• mechanoreceptor 

• Thermoceptors 

What are the age related changes to taste

• decreased volume of saliva 

• increase in viscocity of saliva 

• fissures and furrows on the tounge

what is ansomia

caused by blunt force trauma to the face, coma in car accidents.

• loss of olfactory nerve so no sense of smell

how is smell effected by age 

Begins to decline by middle age. 

-Decrease in olfactory sensory cell and loss of neurons in olfactory bulb. 

what are the functiond of the ear?

• (OE) pinna= collects sound waves

• (ME) typmanic membrane and ossicles= amplifies sounds waves

• (ME) Auditory tube= equalizes ear pressure 

• (IE) semicircular canals= rotational equilibruim

• (IE) Vastible= gravitational equilbrium  

what is prebyscusis

• loss of hearing at age 50

• high pitched sounds are first to be lost

• caused by exposure to environmental noise

what is tinnitus?

Ringint of the ears. 

Caused by too much wax in ear or. change in auditory system. 

what are age related changes to the eye

vision problems: the pupil shrinks 1/3 in size making night driving harder.

what are the functions of the eye

• screla: white outer layer of eye. maintains eye shape 

• Cornea: absobs scattered light rays 

• choroid: middle layer of eye. that absorbs lighht rays

• Aqueous humor: water like fluid 

• vitreous humor: jelly like fluid 

what is presbyopia

far sightesness. nearby objects are blurry

what is glaucoma

result of elevated pressure within the eye. Causes damage in opotic nerve results in blindspots in surrounding vision.

what is diabetic retinopathy?

caused by diabettes results in a damaged retina.

what is age related macular degeneration

blurry vision and can lead to full central vision loss.