Midterm Exam Fact Sheet

The Constitution imposes responsibilities, or civil rights, on __ and government employees.

government officials

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits businesses from making discriminatory hiring decisions based on __, color, sex, religion, and national origin.

race

Courts apply the __ test, heightened scrutiny test, and ordinary scrutiny tests to determine when unequal treatment is legal.

strict scrutiny

In cases related to suspect classifications, the courts will apply the __ scrutiny test.

strict

Sex-based discrimination cases are subject to the __ scrutiny test.

heightened

Using the ordinary scrutiny test, courts have been willing to allow __ differential treatment.

age-based

In the United States, women were granted the right to vote in __.

1920

The Justice Department ruled the shooting of Brown lawful, but affirmed a pattern of discriminatory behavior against __ by law enforcement.

Black Americans

The Missouri Compromise was passed by Congress in __, seeking to regulate slavery in the western territories.

1820

The active yet nonviolent refusal to comply with morally-objectionable laws, used by abolitionist organizations and civil rights activists is known as __ disobedience.

civil

The __ movement was mobilized through the 1857 Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford.

abolitionist

The Thirteenth Amendment was passed in __ and outlawed slavery.

1865

The __ Amendment was passed in 1868 and provided for due process of law, equal protection under the law.

Fourteenth

Laws limiting the rights of 'freemen' after the Civil War were known as __ codes.

black

African Americans were denied their voting rights through grandfather clauses, literacy tests, white primaries, and __ during the Jim Crow era.

poll taxes

Plessy v. Ferguson created the separate but equal doctrine, which upheld state laws that mandated racial separation in __.

schools

Thurgood Marshall was the first African American to sit on the __.

U.S. Supreme Court

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ended the federal government's support for __ practices in the southern states.

separate but equal

The Montgomery bus boycott began after the arrest of __ Parks for refusing to give up a seat.

Rosa

In 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr. was __ in Memphis, Tennessee.

assassinated

Title VII, part of the Civil Rights Act of __, establishes a standard of equality in employment opportunity.

1964

The Voting Rights Act of __ legislation banned discriminatory voter registration practices.

1965

White, non-Hispanic women have the __ average wage.

highest

Latinas have the __ average wage.

lowest

An example of recent attempts at voter suppression following the 2020 presidential election: expanded __ requirements.

voter ID

18-year-olds were granted the right to vote in __.

1971

Women were provided equal protection under the law by Title VII, Title IX, and the __ Pay Act.

Equal

The experience of facing discrimination for multiple reasons, such as because you are Black and low-income, is known as __.

intersectionality

The federal government reneged on its promises to Native American tribes regarding __.

land

Latinos are the largest __ group in the United States.

minority

The mass movement for Mexican American civil rights is known as the __ Movement.

Chicano

Asian Americans, a minority group, enjoy the __ median income.

highest

Sophisticated AI spreads __ with 'deep fakes' prior to the 2024 presidential elections.

disinformation

An official government discriminatory practice known as redlining involves denying __ for African American families.

home loans

Political socialization refers to the process by which individuals acquire their own __ values and opinions.

political

Studies indicate that children whose parents participate in civic life are __ likely to do so themselves.

more

According to most social scientists, school and family are agents that have the greatest impact on __ socialization.

political

Compared to Millennials, a greater percentage of generation Z believe that __ does not define a person as much as it used to.

gender

The first- through twelfth-grade Weekly Reader student poll correctly predicted the outcome of 90 percent of presidential elections based on children's ability to __.

mimic their parents

The media educate the public about __ issues.

policy

The media often reinforce core __ values.

democratic

The media help determine the national __.

agenda

The media aid in shaping societal __.

norms

White Protestants are most likely to vote for __.

republicans

Among white voters, those who regularly attend religious services are more likely to be __.

Republican

African Americans are likely to vote for __, no matter how religious they are.

Democrats

The largest proportion of nonreligious Americans are __.

Democrats

The primary function of peers as socialization agents is to reinforce existing __ and attitudes.

beliefs

Black voters were the most __ in their voting pattern during the 2016 presidential election.

unified

White voters had the most evenly __ voting pattern during the 2016 presidential election.

distributed

A Latino group that more strongly identifies as Republican is __.

Cubans

The existence of the gender gap was first noted during the presidential election of __.

1980

Women are more likely to vote than men in every age group except those under __.

25

Voters aged 18 to 29 experienced the largest gender gap leading up to the __ election.

2024

The Great Depression is a strong example of the __ effect on the oldest Americans.

generational

The Northeast, the West Coast, and most major cities tend to favor the __.

Democrats

The South, the West, and most of the Midwest tend to favor the __.

Republicans

Public opinion and ideology are linked because the latter is the prism through which people view all __ issues.

political

Popular opinion is often manifested by activities such as public demonstrations and __.

opinion blogging

In 2024, immigration was identified by most respondents as the 'most __ problem' facing the country.

important

An exit poll would be used to predict outcomes of presidential or other national __.

races

A push poll asks leading questions that may skew public opinion, such as, 'If you found out that __ participated in several unsavory financial transactions, would it affect your vote?'.

Representative Jones

A poll that attempts to skew public opinion while providing information is known as a __ poll.

push

A poll that measures changes in public opinion over time is known as a __ poll.

tracking

Internet polls present obstacles, including the ability of respondents to __ more than once.

vote

The key to a successful sample is if it accurately reflects the __.

population

Pollsters who structure a sample to be representative of the target population are using __ sampling.

quota

Because it is impossible to measure everyone's opinions, pollsters frequently rely on __ sampling.

random

The first thing someone conducting a poll needs to do is determine a __ population.

target

Common characteristics of Gen Z-ers compared with Millennials: they are more likely to have positive feelings about __.

diversity

When compared to other branches of government, the __ branch consistently scores higher in public trust.

judicial

In 2002, 72% of Americans had a great deal of trust in the president, but trust has declined due to various __.

disappointments

The public’s trust in government to handle domestic matters hit a low when President Trump garnered a mere 35 percent __ rating.

confidence

80% of Americans belong to __ or voluntary groups.

associations

Relationships that improve individual lives are forms of social __.

capital

Interest groups successfully channel civic participation by involving individuals more actively in __.

politics

As opposed to pluralist theory, elite theory posits that a group of wealthy individuals controls the most __ power.

political

Interest groups are an essential feature of American __.

democracy

The general impression that most Americans have regarding interest groups is generally __.

negative

Among the vital functions served by interest groups is mobilizing citizens to participate in civic __.

affairs

Interest groups tend to strengthen the advantages of __ when it comes to their political action committees (PACs).

incumbency

Whites, the wealthy, and the educated are likely to be overrepresented in __.

interest groups

A major downside of interest groups is that they can contribute to __.

corruption

Younger people have started contributing to __-based interest groups.

internet

Income and education characteristics have historically been the best predictors of __ membership.

interest group

According to research, people with a college education are most likely to participate in __ groups.

interest

Doctors and lawyers are primarily represented by __ organizations.

professional

Teachers and tradespeople are represented by __ unions.

labor

Executives in business and industry are represented by __-specific organizations.

industry

Children from working-class families are less likely to have been socialized to participate in traditional interest __.

groups

A recent study indicated that college students are more than twice as likely to join a politically motivated interest group than their __ who do not attend college.

peers

Many people over 50 join the AARP to enjoy the discounts provided to members. This is an example of an __ incentive.

economic

Demographics, intensity, cohesion, and member size influence an interest group's political __.

effectiveness

Political action committees (PACs) are separate entities formed by interest groups to raise and spend money to influence __ outcomes.

election

Leadership and opposition are key factors in an interest group's __ environment.

organizational

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is an example of an __ organization.

umbrella

Reasons for the recent rebounding of labor unions during the pandemic include educators fighting for policies to protect their __.

members

The problem of someone deriving a benefit from the actions of others is known as the __ problem.

free rider

The theory that it does not make economic sense for someone to participate in collective action is known as __ choice theory.

rational

Today, religious interests are influential but were previously uninvolved in politics due to fears of losing their __ status.

tax-exempt