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What is the most common congenital infection in the United States?
CMV
What is the most common strain of Hantavirus in the U.S.?
Sin Nombre
What family of viruses causes Zika and West Nile?
Flaviviridae
HIV primarily targets CD__ cells.
CD4+
This type of Hepatitis is a defective RNA virus-like pathogen that is transferred mainly by parenteral route.
Hep D
DNA is tightly compressed around ___ to save space.
Histone proteins
Bases with a single ring structure are called ____ and contain ___ and ___.
Pyrimidines
Thymine and Cytosine
A virus envelope is comprised of a ______
phospholipid bilayer
The first __ days of a viral infection are considered the acute phase.
5
Serologic assays detect ____ to viruses.
circulating Ab
In a serologic assay, antibody levels do not correlate with ____.
Level of infection
What is the gold standard of viral isolation?
cell culture
One costly but sensitive method of virus detection is ____;
Nucleic Acid Based Detection
What are the 4 families of double stranded DNA viruses?
-Adenoviridae
-Herpesviridae
-Papillomaviridae
-Poxviridae
Family of naked ds-DNA viruses that are very stable outside the body
Adenoviridae
Family of viruses that are associated with the military, viral pink eye, and inadequately chlorinated pools.
Adenoviridae
What does family Adenoviridae look like in a cell culture?
Swollen grape-like clusters
What are the 8 species of Herpesviridae?
-Herpes Simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2)
-Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV)
-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
-Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)
-Human Herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7)
-Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)
Infections with ____ double the risk of HIV.
Genital Herpes
What is the mortality rate for neonatal herpes?
About 60%
HSV encephalitis has a ____ mortality rate and is usually caused by ____ in neonates.
High (70%) HSV-2
How is HSV-1 ad HSV-2 diagnosed in the lab?
Immunofluorescence of specimens from lesions.
What are the 2 manifestations of Varicella?
Chicken Pox and Shingles
What does EBV cause?
Infectious mononucleosis
What virus is Hodgkin lymphoma associated with?
EBV
What viral family is comprised of the smallest ss-DNA viruses?
Parvoviridae
What virus is associated with a "slapped cheek" appearance?
Parvovirus B19
A fever occurs __-__ days before a rash occurs with Smallpox whereas fever occurs ___ with Chicken Pox.
2-4 at the time of rash
Chicken Pox affects the ___ area of the body whereas Smallpox affects the ___ of the body first.
Trunk
Limbs
With Smallpox the rash is in the ____ stage(s).
Same
With Chicken Pox the rash occurs in ___ stage(s).
Different
Development of the Smallpox rash is ___and development of the Chicken Pox rash is ____.
Slow
Fast
In otherwise healthy patients ____ results in a transient anemia.
Parvo B19
Parvovirus B19 causes transient aplastic crisis in patients with ____.
Sickle Cell
What virus causes Smallpox?
Variola
What family are largest of all clinically significant viruses part of?
Poxviridae
What type of cells are abnormal in patients with HPV?
Koilocytes
This virus is similar to HHV-6 with infection occurring later in childhood.
HHV-7
This virus is associated with Kaposi sarcoma and causes patches of abnormal tissue.
HHV-8
This naked virus has a wheel-like appearance.
Rotavirus
What are prions?
proteinaceous infectious particles (not viruses)
This type of Hepatitis infected the blood supply and causes cirrhosis in 30% of those infected.
Hep C
What are the 3 phases of translation? Where does this occur?
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Occurs in the Cytoplasm
_____fragments are on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
Okazaki
The genome of Parvovirus B19 is comprised of_____
SSDNA
What are 5 risks for the recurrence of a herpes family virus?
-Sunburn
-Systematic infection
-Immune impairment
-Stress
-Menstruation
Cells have a distinctive ____appearance in a Tzanck smear.
giant and multinucleated
What is the shape of the Herpes family viruses? Do they have an envelope?
Icosahedral
No envelope
The ___ is a part of the body commonly involved in genital Herpes.
Urethra
Genital Herpes is usually caused by HSV-___.
HSV-2
____ is the most common cause of corneal infection in the United States.
Ocular Herpes
CMV replicates only in ___ cells.
Human
CMV is life threatening in a ______ host.
Immunocompromised
CMV can cause ____ in a fetus.
Microcephaly
95% of young adults are seropositive for this type of Herpes. It is known as the "sixth disease".
HHV-6
This type of Herpes causes seizures in 30-40% of children.
HHV-6
This is the only double stranded RNA virus that is medically important.
Rotavirus
This virus is spread by the deer mouse and has a 50% mortality rate.
Hantavirus
Hantavirus is a ___ stranded ___ virus.
Single
RNA
This virus is commonly found on cruise ships.
Norovirus/Norwalk
The Norwalk virus gives you ___ term immunity.
Short-term
This type of virus was responsible for the SARS and MERS outbreak.
Coronavirus
This helical virus usually infects only one species of animal.
Coronavirus
What is the reservoir of filoviruses?
Bats
What are the 2 types of filoviruses?
Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus
What are some unique symptoms of filoviruses?
Bleeding from the gums or nose; internal organ hemorrhage
Name at least 2 Arboviruses.
Zika
West Nile
Dengue virus
Yellow Fever
St. Louis encephalitis
Known as "breakbone fever".
Dengue virus
Dengue hemorrhagic fever occurs if ___.
patient infected with a different serotype
What is the most common flaviviridae virus in the United States?
St. Louis Encephalitis
Humans are dead end hosts for this virus.
West Nile
What virus is associated with Guillian-Barre Syndrome?
Zika
What family of viruses does Influenza belong to?
Orthomyxoviridae
This virus causes a fever that can get up to 106 degrees and possibly fatal pneumonia.
Influenza A
The flu shot is made of a(n)____ virus.
Inactivated
There are __ different Influenza A strains and __ Influenza B strain.
2
1
What is the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift?
Drift occurs slowly and shift occurs at a rapid pace.
What family of viruses does Measles and Mumps belong to?
Paramyxoviridae
Causes "barking cough" and is common in children.
Croup
Causes "Koplik spots".
Measles
Measles reproduces in the ___tract and is known as ____.
Respiratory
Rubeola
This is a small naked viruses that resist detergents and temperature extremes.
Rhinovirus
What type of nucleic acid do retroviruses have? Are they enveloped?
ss-RNA
YES
What is HAART? What virus is it associated with?
Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy used to combat HIV
A retrovirus is an RNA virus that has its own _____.
Reverse transcriptase
The ____ virus causes infection of the parotid glands.
Mumps
What is the most common cause of severe LOWER respiratory tract disease?
RSV
Forms syncytia in lungs and in culture.
RSV
Enteroviruses are more prevalent in ____ countries.
Poverty stricken
This virus is associated with hand foot, and mouth disease (HFMD).
Coxsackievirus
Causes rubella or German measles and halts cell growth.
Rubivirus
Poliovirus and Coxsackievirus are examples of _____.
Enteroviruses
This virus initially infects the GI tract and then moves to the nervous system, where the neurons are never replaced.
Polio
What are the 2 vaccines used for Polio?
Salk and Sabin vaccines
Where are skin biopsies taken from a patient infected with Rabies?
Back of the neck
What do you look for in a deceased patient infected with Rabies?
Negri Bodies
Only 3 people in the United States have survived this virus without prophylactic treatment.
Rabies
What type of HIV is responsible for the worldwide pandemic?
HIV-1
67% of HIV cases take place in _______.
Subsaharan Africa
What are the 5 opportunistic infections associated with AIDS?
Candidiasis of mouth and respiratory tract
Fungal meningitis
Kaposi sarcoma
Recurrent pneumonia
Wasting syndrome
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