Animal Nutrition Exam 1

Antoine Lauisier: What time and what did he do?

late 1700s; father of nutrition, metabolism and calorimetry

Johan Kjeldahl: What time and what did he do?

mid 1800s; anayltical method for determining nitrogen content

carbon balance is

energy balance

why is nutrition important in livestock production

\-feed cost as % of production cost is very high+ affects profit

\-malnutrition affects health and productivity (can lead to life long problems)

\-20% of world is malnourished and large numbers of livestock are maintained on a global basis

\-pet food is a $70 billion+ per yr industry

feed efficiency/ feed conversion

ratio expressing the number of units of feed required for one unit of production

feed to gain ratio

pounds of feed to pounds of gain (want a lower number)

why beef and what is the feed-gain ratio

human tastes and preferences; 12

Why are fish so efficient and what is the feed-gain ratio

\-fish food has more nutrients (40% protein) than roughage (14%)

\-metabolic differences-don’t need to regulate body temp, have a swim bladder/not affected by gravity

\-release excess nitrogen as ammonium- no energy wasted converting to urea

ruminants eat roughage/pigs, turkey, poultry eat byproducts because

costs less and they get nutrients out of it that we can’t consume

why animals in developing countries

\-draft power

\-source of currency, hedge against inflation

\-measure of wealth/status

\-food storage-don’t need to preserve food

why animals in developed

countries

\-animal products are nutrient dense and is a better quality protein than plant protein (energy, protein, vitamins, minerals)

\-livestock species utilize low quality roughages and byproducts

\-livestick provide elasticity to grain crops

protein quality

the balance of essential aa found in feedstuff of choice against required balance of essentail aa of whatever animal is being fed

what is the 1st limiting ingredient in western diets

iron

what protein has the highest biological value; lowest

egg-94%, protein of plant origin-40-65%

biological value of protein

the quality and digestibility of protein

livestock convert low quality feed to

high quality nutrient dense animal product

what is the divide between human animal and other for corn

25% human, 25% animal, 50% biofuels and whiskey

what is the divide between human animal and other for barley

70% animal 30% beer

what whole grains are too valuable to feed animals

wheat and rice

3 challenges to livestock nutrition

\-improve efficiency of utilization of nutrients (digetsion and Absorbtion)

\-enviro impact (less manure=less nitrogen waste/runoff)

\-profit margins can be slim

what does water need to be (3)

\-accessible

\-clean

\-good quality/potable

what do you need to consider

resource guarding and ice-is it toxic, can i drink it

two critical functions of water

\-Universal solvent-all biochem reactions need water, intestinal mucosal cells without water don’t seal properly=disease can enter

\-major factor in controlling body temperature- heat spreads via blood that needs water, has a high specific heat and thermal conductivity

how much water to animals need

no set requirement

how is water intake regulated and how precise is it

by complex hormonal and nerve mechanisms; VERY

is there variation day to day in body weight due to water

not a lot

3 components of regulatory mechanism

\-osmosis

\-extracellular fluid

\-pH control

more sodium in what

extracellular fluid

anions and cations must be

equal

whta is the intracellular cation

potassium

what happens when low ECF, high ICF

\-pressure receptors in brain triggered, adrenal cortex triggered

\-ADH release, aldosterone release

\-kidney holds sodium and water

\-balance

what happens when high ECF, low ICF

\-volume receptors in heart triggered

\-diuretic hormone secreted

\-kidney dumps water and sodium

\-balance

what pH system is used

bicarbonate-acid system

what organs regulate pH

lungs and kidney

water and CO2 to, via

H2CO2 to HCO3- and H+, carbonic anhydrase

what three systems regulate water intake

vasopressin (ADH), aldosterone-angiotensin-renin axis, and thirst center

consumption of water affected by (6)

\-temperature

\-dry matter composition

\-dry matter %

\-intake of fiber/salt/protein

\-physiological production state

\-disease state

when there is high dry matter you need what and why

more water, for lubrication to prevent impaction

what are osmotically active

fiber, salt, protein

want

2500

minerals in water (5)

Ca, Na, Mg, S, K

hard water has a lot of

minerals

what level of salt do most species tolerate; what level is too high for swine tolerate

1000-3000mg; 7000-1200mg

what sulfur level causes diarrhea and why cycle happens

1g/L, water and nutrients are not absorbed well-diarrhea, more diarrhea want more water etc

what nitrate level is toxic and where does it come from

100-200 ppm, runoff from fertilizer and livestock waste, problem in dug wells and surface water

what do nitrates form and why is it a problem

methemoglobin; heme iron oxidizes to fe3+ and O2 binding decreases leading to low O2 to periphery tissues-abortion and death

what other things contribute to surface H2O runoff

bacteria, pesticides, organic matter

what are the 3 sources of water

\-metabolic water

\-water consumed directly

\-water associated with food

protein

a broad class of nitrogen containing compounds ranging from very simple to very complex

true protein

chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

essential aa must be

provided in the diet

can there be partial synthesis of EAAs

yes, but its not adequate to meet the needs of the animal

NEAA that can be converted to EAA

\-cystine to methionine

\-tyrosine to phenylalanine

EAAs (10)

\-phenylalanine

\-valine

\-threonine

\-tryptophan

\-isoleucine

\-methionine

\-histidine

\-arginine

\-leucine

\-lysine

what EAAs are not needed in mature boars

histidine, arginine, leucine

What EAAs are also required for poultry

glycine, proline

cats also need

taurine-comes from animal products, not an aa

what are the 5 problematic EAAs in livestock

1. lysine-1st limiting factor, need to supplement
2. methionine-2nd limiting especially when feeding pulses (legumes)
3. arginine-1st limiting in poultry
4. tryptophan- 2nd or 3rd limiting in beef
5. threonine- 2nd to 4th limiting

why don’t you want to overfeed crude protein

animals can only grow up to their genetic potential and will excrete the excess nitrogen that gets converted to urea=money and energy loss

what loses all structure and what loses all but primary

digestion; denature

biological value

measure of the protein or N retained to the amount of protein or N absorbed

nonprotein nitrogen

any nitrogen containing compound (only useful in some species)

what do you want the biological value to be and what is too low for growth

90s; 70%

what percentage of nitrogen is in aa and what is process, what do we use now

16%; grind up feed-add sulfuric acid and boil-add base and boil=ammonia-analyze amount and get % N; combustion system

can true protein be measured

no, only amount of nitrogen in sample

crude protein formula

% N x 6.25

what water soluble vitamins are N containing

riboflavin, cobalamin (B12), choline, biotin, thiamin, niacin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, pyridoxine (B6)

what water soluble vitamins are not N containing

vitamin C and insitol

3 major functions of lipids and fats

1. major energy souce-2.2x more energy than carb
2. major source of fat soluble vitamins- A,D,E,K
3. essential fatty acids

difference between triglyceride and fat

different melting points

more Cs and points of unsaturation makes it more likely to be a fat and solid at room temperature

linoleic

linolenic

arachidonic

18:2 omega 6

18:3 omega 3

20:4 omega 6

omega refers to

the position of the 1st double bond from the terminal methyl carbon

arachidonic acid is the precursor to what and what is its role

series 2 prostaglandins; repro and blood clotting

what comes from marine fish and what can they be made out of

DHA, EPA; linolenic acid very slowly

EFA are a problem in what species and not a problem in what species

cats and dogs; livestock

3 most important VFAs

1. acetic acid
2. propionic acid
3. butyric acid

NFE (nitrogen free extract) and made of

highly digestible 80-100%; sugars (pentoses and hexoses)

starch

most important CHO storage in plants

amylose

linear chain of a glucose in a1,4 glycosidic bonds

a glucose

OH up

amylopectin

glucose connected by a1,4 and a1,6 glycosidic bonds, harder to digest

glycogen

most important CHO storage in animals, found in liver and muscle, very highly branched, glucose connected by a1,4 and a1,6 glycosidic bonds

what is a hot feed, what is not

barley, corn

fiber fraction

less digestible CHO fraction aka non-starch polysaccharide fraction (NSP)

cellulose

50-985 digestible in ruminants and hindgut ferementers, repeating b1,4 glucose chain

hemicellulose

40-70% digestible, complex mix of pentoses with hexose side chains (arabinose and b1,4 xylan linkages)

pectin

30-70% digestible, a1,4 linkages of galacturonic acid, high in citrus pulp and pumices

gums

added to improve pelleting, highly fermentable-contributes to flatulence; made of b-glucans-antinutritional factor in barelya nd oats causing sticky feces in swine and poultry

arabinoxylans

antinutritional factor in wheat and rye, unpalatability factor, made of arabinose and xylose

lignin

virtually indigestible component of plants, exceedingly complex, poorly understood, highly crosslinked phenylpropanoid polymer, most antinutritional component and 5-15% of forages

what increases lignin and what does it affect

maturity of plant affects digestibility of other carb components-hemicellulose

inorganic component is

minerals

proximate analysis system

from feed sample

\-do a dry matter (weight Dm/wet feed (lbs))-dry at 50 C for protein tests other wise 100 C

\-ash-burn at 600 C for cation analysis

\-crude protein via combustion system

\-ether extract for crude fat then boil residue in sulfuric acid, boil in base, and get crude fiber

crude fiber made up of

hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin

why is CF inaccurate and when is a problem

significant amounts of the fiber content are hydrolyzed/degraded during the acid/alkali extraction process meaning the measured value is lower than the real value; when feeding animals that eat a significant amount of forages

van soest method-neutral detergent fiber

feed sample

\-refluxed with natural detergent solution for 60 min, then filtered and rinsed with boiling water. The residue is dried and weighed

\-natural detergent solubles- cell contents, starches, sugars, proteins, fats, vitamins

\-natural detergent insolubles- cell walls, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, ash, heat damaged protein

NDF and ADF increase

DMI and digestibility decrease

acid detergent fiber analysis

feed sample

\-refluxed with acid detergent solution for 60 min, then filtered and rinsed with boiling water. The residue is dried and weighed

\-acid detergent soubles- hemicellulose

\-acid detergent insolubles- cellulose, lignin, ash, heat damaged protein

lower ADF and NDF indicates

a higher quality more nutrient dense food

most limiting nutrient for animals

energy