Biology exam 1

Metabolism

Burns calories (chemical reaction in our cells [bodies])

7 Properties of Life

• Order

• Reproduction

• Growth + Development

• Response to environment

• Energy Processing

• Regulation = Homeostasis

• Evolution adaptation

Homeostasis

Maintain regulation in our bodies. Constant internal balance.

Taxonomy

Names and classifies organisms and groups them (1.8million species identified)

Bacteria

Single cell organism

Archea(Extremeofile)

Single cell; live in extreme conditions

Eukarya

Protist, Fungi, Plants, Animals; All kingdoms

Prokaryote

Bacteria and Archea; single cell, live in extreme environments

Lifes Organization

1. Biosphere

2. Ecosystem

3. Community

4. Population

5. Organism

6. Organ + Organ system

7. Tissue

8. Cell

9. Organelle

10. Molecule

Biosphere

All environments on earth that support life

Ecosystem

Organism living in an area; Non-living physical components with which they interact

Community

All organism in a particular ecosystem

Population

Individuals of same species living in the same area at the same time

Organism

Individual lining thing

Organ + Organ system

Body part work together to perform a specific function

Tissue

Group of similar cells perform a specific function

Cell

Fundament of life

Organelle (Membrane)

Enclosed functional structure within a cell

Molecule

Chemical structure made of 2 or more atoms; basic unit of matter

Hypothesis

Prediction/test to get results

Theory

Broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence

5 Major themes of biology

• Evolution

• The flow of information → DNA

• Structure and function

• The transfer and transformation of matter and energy

• Interactions within and between systems

Evolution

Process of change in species

Charles Darwin

Father of evolution

Natural Selection

Unequal reproductive success leads to evolution of adaptation in populations

Adaptation and reproduction

“Survival of the fittest”

DNA

Responsible for heredity and for programming the activities of a cell by providing the blue print for proteins.

In all cells that make up genes

Prokaryotic

Small, simple cells that lack a true nucleus or membrane bound organelles. 1st to evolve

EX. All bacteria

Eukaryotic

Larger more complex, contain true nucleus and membrane bound organelle

EX. Plants, animals, protist, and fungi

Matter in an Ecosystem

Recycled energy

Producer

Makes own food/energy

Autotroph→ self made

Consumer

Consumes food/energy

Heterotroph→ Can’t produce our own food

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass (solid, liquid, gas). Composed of elements

Compound

A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

4 elements make up 96% of the human body

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

• Carbon

Trace elements

Required by an organism in small quantities and are common additives to food/water

Atom

Smallest unit of matter

Neutrons (neutral)

No electrical charge in the nucleus

Protons (positive)

Positive charge in the nucleus

Electrons (negative)

Negative charge, orbit the nucleus in electron cloud

Atomic number

Unique number of protons in an element

Atomic mass

Atoms total mass

Radioactive isotopes

Decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

Isotopes

Element have same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Valence electrons

Outermost electrons or valence shells

Inert

Elements with full valence shell are

Octet rule

Most elements want 8 valence electrons

Valence electrons

Incomplete shells can share or transfer with other atoms

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Sharing electrons equally

Polar covalent electrons

Unequal sharing of electrons

Ion

A charged atom, produced when electrons are gained or lost

Cation

Positively charged ion

Anion

Negatively charged ion

Ionic bond

An attraction between an anion and cation

Hydrogen bond

Weak bonds that connect H atoms to other atoms

Cohesion

Molecules sticking together

Adhesion

One substance clings to another

Surface tension

Relates to cohesion, a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

Heat

Absorbed when hydrogen bonds break and released when hydrogen bonds form

Solvent of life

Water

Solution

A liquid, uniform mixture of 2 or more substance

Solute

Substance being dissolved

Solvent

Dissolving agent

Aqueous solution

polar or ionic solutes dissolve in water

pH

Measure of how acidic or basic a solution is

0(most acidic) - 14(most basic)

Organic compounds

Carbon based molecules

Carbon

Most versatile building block of molecules

→ Can form 4 single covalent bonds

→ Can bond with different elements

Isomers

Compounds with the same formula but different structure

Functional groups

Small characteristic group of atoms that give organic molecules specific chemical properties

Lactose

Protein, sugar

Lactase

Enzyme

Polymers

Large molecules of many repeating subunits called monomer

Monomers

Joined by removing a water molecule Dehydration reaction

Polymer

Broken apart by adding water hydrolysis

Classes of organic biological compounds

• Carbohydrate

• Lipid

• Protein

• Nucleic Acid

Carbohydrate

Monosaccharides. Has a formula that is a multiple of CH2O. Stored for long term energy

Disaccharides

• 2 Monosaccharides

• Joined by dehydration reaction

Polysaccharides

Polymers of monosaccharides

Energy storage

• Starch- plant sugar storage

• Glycogen- animal sugar storage

Lipids

Diverse group (phospholipid, fats, steroids, waxes) that do not mix with water (hydrophobic)

Functions: energy storage, cushioning, insulation

Contain C, H, and O

Fats (triglycerides)

Large lipids made of Glycerol +3 fatty acids

Oils are liquid fat

Saturated fats

• Saturated

• Solid

• Single bond (H-C chain)

Phospholipid

Major component of all cell membranes

Made of 2 fatty acids + phosphate group + glycerol

Has a hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic end

Steroids

Lipids whose carbon skeleton contain 4 or more fused rings

EX; Cholesterol

Precursor of making other steroids including sex hormones

Enzymes

Catalyst that speed and regulate chemical reactions in cells

Structural

Such as collagen, also in hair, tendons, and ligaments

Movement

Muscles contain contractile proteins

Defense

Such as antibodies from the immune system

Signal + Receptors

For communication between cells such as many hormones

Storage

Such as egg whites (ovalbumin) and in milk

Transport

Such as hemoglobin in RBC that carry O2 or those embedded in cell membrane

Proteins

Monomer called amino acid

Functions are determined by specific shapes

20 different amino acid

Joined by peptide bonds, a chain of amino acid forms a polypeptide

Contain: C,H,O,N

Amino Acid Structre

• Amino group(basic)

• Carboxyl group(acidic)

• R group( side chains that determine the properties, distinguish each AA)

• H atom

* Acidic ends bond to basic group of next side

Denaturation

A protein loses its shape, unravels and no longer works. Can be caused by pH shift, salt, heat….

Four levels of protein structure

• Primary- Linear

• Secondary

  • Alpha helix

  • Beta pleated sheet

• Tertiary- 3D

• Quaternary- Contain 2 or more polypeptides

Nucleic acid

DNA and RNA

Monomer are nucleotides

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Stores hereditary information, makes up genes, serves as blue prints for protein, thus control the life of a cell

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

Made from DNA and codes for protein

Nucleotides

• 5-C Sugar

• Phosphate group

• Nitrogenous base

  • Adenine(A)

  • Guanine(G)

  • Cystosine(C)

  • Thymine (T) [DNA]

  • Uracil(U) [RNA]

Genes + proteins

All organisms genes determine its proteins

Triglyceride