APUSH UNIT 1

Columbian Exchange

Exchange

the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa - permanently joined hemisphere

negative implications of the columbian exchange

European disease wiped out native population - smallpox and measles, Europeans had immunity whereas Natives did not, Europeans also contracted syphilis

positive implications of the columbian exchange (europeans)

europeans gained knowledge about new plants and foods, which improved diet, leading to population growth; beans, tomatoes, sweet and white potatoes, and tobacco

positive implications of the columbian exchange (natives)

gained european goods; sugar cane, bluegrasses, pigs, horses, the wheel, iron implements, and guns

tobacco and Jamestown

brought by John Rolfe, labor intensive cash crop, plantation focused colony; joint-stock company/corporate colony led to headright system, tobacco was first exported "enumerated" good

development of virginia colony

jamestown -> virginia colony, transitioned to royal colony; under direct authority and rule of the king, 1st royal colony

development of carolina colonies

formed during restoration period; monarchy under King Charles II, 8 nobles were granted land between the Virginia colony and Spanish Florida colony -> formation of royal colonies in South and North Carolina

development of puritan beliefs

Moderate dissenters (nonconformist group) who believed in the reformation and purification of Church of England/Anglican Church, Charles I persecuted these beliefs, group gained royal charter for formation of Mass. Bay Colony led by John Winthrop, political conflict in England led to Great Migration to Mass. Bay

Connecticut River Colony

formed by Boston Puritans unhappy with the Massachusetts authorities, led by Thomas Hooker who founded Hartford. Colony made up of small towns and family farms.

Fundamental order of Connecticut

First written constitution - formed representative gov. and legislature elected by majority vote, governor was chosen by legislature

navigation act

Rules established by the english gov. for colonial trade; trade to and from colonies would be done only by english/colonial built ships and crew, all goods imported to colonies (except some perishables) had to pass through english ports, "enumerated" goods; raw materials thay could only be exported to england - tobacco was 1st

headright system + labor development

50 acres of land was given to recruit white settlers in Virginia colony who paid for passage for a settler/immigrants passaged -> sponsored servants for landowners; transition of white labor to enslaved africans

Ecomienda System

social system established by Spain in the new world in which natives were given to peninsulares (spaniards who owned land) to work. Later these natives were replaced by slaves in asiento system - where colonists paid tax to Spanish king for slaves

Transatlantic slave trade

Trading of slaves from Africa to the Americas for labor, via Middle Passage

Exploration - conquistadores

explorers/conquerors sent to New World sponsored by Mother country to export raw goods (gold and silver) back, establish colonies, and spread religion

Bartolome de Las Casas

Priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans, represents mother colonies desire to spread religion

Saluatory neglect

Britain's unofficial policy to relax the enforcement of strict regulations: trade laws, imposed on the American colonies

Sugar in New World

Portuguese conquered and traded for African slaves for use on sugar plantations, modeled crop-> profit system for europeans, created triangular trade system and indentured servitude; majority of slaves were sent to W Indian Sugar Islands, rather than American colonies

Indentured servitude

individuals who agreed to work for a master/landowner for a set number of years in exchange to pay off for transportation from Europe to the Americas, and housing - form of temporary labor

triangular trade and sugar

rum was produced in New England, send to West African in trade for slaves, slaves were transported across Middle Passage, traded in the West Indies for sugarcane, and then sugarcane was exported back to New England to produce rum

cause of chattel slavery

growing demand of colonial goods caused a shortage of indentured servants, forcing colonies to seek labor through chattel slavery

Effect of chattel slavery

became dominant labor system in southern colonies, and promoted new laws creating a strict racial system - identified slavery as an economic benefit and by law, seen as property that the government had little control over

failures of english trade

english government struggled to exert authority due to the separation of colonies, and the disruption of english wars, corrupt colonial agents led to colonies evading regulations through bribes to regulation enforcers

New England - Massachusetts Bay Colony

Group of Puritans moved from England in Great Migration to seek religious freedom, run by John Winthrop who founded Boston

Chesapeake Bay - Jamestown and Williamsburg

company colony/joint-stock company -> royal colony, John Rolfe and Pocahontas led to tobacco as cash crop, run by John Smith

South Carolina Colony

Founded by eight nobles with a Royal Charter from Charles II. Because of internal problems, the crown took over the colony and formed North Carolina and South Carolina - relied on fur trade and food supply for the west indies, then transitioned to rice plantations

North Carolina Colony

This colony lacked good coastal harbors and was populated mainly by small settlements of tobacco farmers, on few large plantations, democratic values and autonomy from British contro

Salem Witch Trials context + why

devil/witches posed extreme threat to puritans, Massachusetts Bay Colony, believed everything happened due to god's will, example of the patriarchal roles (suspicious if women were out of role in society), during time they though natives were controlled by devil, diversity of religion led to Puritan public figures seeking power -> scared people to make them conform

Zenger Case

The Zenger Case was a trial against the author of an article in a New York newspaper that criticized a corrupt British governor. Contributed to the adaptation of freedom of the press.

freedom of the press

the right of journalists to publish the truth without restriction or penalty

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first representative assembly in the new world. Created due to distance between Great Britain and the colonies.

Virginia House of Burgesses significance

1st Representative Government in America (the people in the government were elected)

John Winthrop & "City Upon a Hill"

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop, he formed the colony's government and shaped its legislative policy. Stated Boston as "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world, no separation of church and state

John Locke, Second Treatise of Government

Humans have the right to life, liberty and property and government was to protect those rights. Rejected "Divine Right" and believed in a social contract

natural law

defines the natural given right for life, liberty, and property

colonial resistance during salutary neglect

colonies elected legislatures, who elected governors, whom made the decisions on the affairs/decisions in the colonies -> French Indian War -> Britain deciding defending colonies with British soldiers was too expensive to enforce trade laws

Cause and Effect - Bacon's Rebellion

Sir William Berkeley failed to protect small farmers in frontier Virginia, causing Bacon to lead raids and massacres of Native frontier villages, resulting in further colonial resistance

Dependable Workforce - Bacon's Rebellion

plantation owners disagreed with political demands of small farmers and identured servants, believed slavery would provide stable/dependable workforce

Aftermath of Bacon's Rebellion

Virginia landowners began to purchase large numbers of imported African slaves, Native land was taken over for white settlements, class differences between wealthy and poor/landless farmers, further conflict with Natives

Colonial identity due to salutary neglect

colonies continued to have diverging interest from Britain, colonists wanted to move West,

Enlightenment in the colonies

Ideals of the Enlightenment - freedom, equality, religious tolerance, natural law, liberty, progress, constitutional government, and separation of church and state led the colonies to the American Revolution - wanting to break free from the control of Britain and self-govern