Anatomy year 1 semester 1

Describe the anatomical position

Body erect; feet flat, facing forward; eyes facing forward; arms to the side, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing out.

body planes (5)

median

sagittal

coronal

transverse

oblique

main types of tissue (4)

connective

epithelial

muscle

nervous tissue

name and describe this tissue (general not type)

connective tissue

elastic fibres (purple defined lines)

collagen fibres

ground substance and tissue fluid

can be loose, dense regular or dense irregular

name and describe this tissue

epithelial

covers surfaces

simple, stratified or pseudostratified

cuboidal, squamous or columnar

name and describe this tissue (not specific type)

muscle

can be skeletal, smooth or cardiac

sometimes striated

contractile long thin cells

name and describe this tissue

skeletal muscle

long striated multinucleated and highly ordered

name and describe this tissue

smooth muscle

non striated randomly ordered

name and describe this tissue

cardiac muscle

striated and less ordered

intercalated discs

name and describe this tissue

nervous

has neurons and support cells involved in communication

What is an exocrine gland?

a gland that produces and secretes substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct e.g sweat

What are endocrine glands? (+ 5 example)

a gland that release into the blood stream

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands

What is adipose tissue?

fat used for:

triglyceride storage

insulation

structural fill

shock absorbing padding

what abnormalities can occur in (ciliated) epithelia cells

Over-proliferation

Under-proliferation

Over-secretion

Under-secretion

Loose cilia

what abnormalities can occur in epithelial glands

growth hormone

in uterine tube mucous gland can become infected and block sperm/ egg causing infertility

what abnormalities can occur in connective tissue (4)

leukemia

abnormal fibres

cartilage tear

osteoporosis

what is the structure of the skin

epidermis

-epithelium

-forms boundary between external and internal environment

dermis

- connective tissue

- gives structural strength

hypodermis

What are the layers of the epidermis?

stratum corneum,

stratum lucidum,

stratum granulosum,

stratum spinosum,

stratum Basale

what are the layers of the dermis

papillary layer

reticular layer

what is the sensory receptors of the Skin

Meissner's corpuscles - light touch (fingertips)

Pacinian corpuscle - vibration and pressure

pain and thermoreceptors

what is keratinisation

organic process where keratin is deposited in cells which then become hard such as dead skin cells and hair

what connective tissue is found in the dermis of the skin

papillary - loose connective

reticular - dense connective

what is the main type of connective tissue found in the hypodermis

loose connective tissue

Describe the arrector pili muscle

Smooth muscle attaching to base of hair follicle when contracting causes hair to stand up

what are the glands of the skin (3)

sebaceous (hair follicle)

apocrine sweat gland

eccrine sweat gland

what is the function of bones (4)

weight bearing

blood formation

mineral store

protection

what are the types of bone (6)

flat

sutural

short

long

sesamoid

irregular

Describe endochondral ossification

forms a cartilage model first

blood vessels then invade

cartilage then replaced with bone

Cartilage remains in epiphyseal plate

Describe intramembranous ossification (3)

no cartilage model

Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells that mature into osteoblasts that start depositing bone

Residual mesenchymal cells develop into blood vessels and bone marrow

what is the composition of bone (5)

osteoblasts

osteoclasts

osteocytes

minerals (give strengthen and stiffness)

collagen (gives some flexibility)

what cells are responsible for bone remodelling

osteoclasts (bone reabsorbing cells)

osteoblasts (bones forming cells)

what are the 2 types of bone growth

appositional

interstitial

what are the 3 types of joints

fibrous (cranial structures)

cartilaginous (intervertebral discs)

synovial (knee joint)

what are the main features of a fibrous joint

dense fibrous connective tissue with little movement in adults

what are the main features of cartilaginous joints

Synchondronses (primary)

hyaline

endochondral ossification

temporary/permanent

Symphyses (secondary)

midline of body

hyaline and firbrous

what are the main features of a synovial joint

provide the greases movement

fluid filled capsule

may also have articular discs and ligaments

what created joint stability

shape of articulating surfaces

fibrous capsule and ligaments

muscles

describe blood and nerve supply of joints

have a rich blood and nerve supply

the nerve supplying a muscle crossing a joint also supplies the joint

what are tendons (4)

dense connective tissue

bone to muscle

does not shorten

can alter force direction

What is aponeurosis?

flat sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue, like tendon

wide area of attachement

what is the structure of a neuron

cell body

dendrites

axon

terminales

describe spinal nerves (3 parts)

roots

- sensory or motor

Spinal Nerves

- sensory and motor

- exits through intervertebral foramen

rami

- sensory and motor

what are the main bones of the vertebral column

cervical

thoracic

lumbar

sacral

what joins two vertebrae together

intervertebral joint which is secondary cartilaginous

what joins the articular facets on the vertebral bodies and what type of joint is it

facet joints
synovial plane

what joint and type of joints join the ribs to the spine

costovertebral joints
synovial plane

what type of joint joins skull and atlas

Synovial ellipsoid

what type of joint joins atlas and axis

synovial pivot

what ligament is this

anterior longitudinal ligament

what ligament prevents over flexion

posterior longitudinal ligament

what ligament if found at back of vertebral arch and in-between lamina

ligamentum flavum (pl flava)

what ligament is this

supraspinous ligament

what ligament is found between the spines

interspinous ligament

Describe the cervical vertebrae (4)

large triangular vertebral foramen

short bifid spinous process

small body

foramen transverseium

Describe the thoracic vertebrae (4)

has costal facets

small circular vertebral foramen

long spinous process that slopes posteriorly

heart shaped body

Describe the lumbar vertebrae

mamillary and accessory process

small triangular vertebral foramen

short sturdy rectangular spinous process

large kidney shaped body

what makes up intervertebral discs

nucleus pulposus

- central core with high water content

annulus fibrosus

-layers of cartilage surrounding the core

what are the two main back muscle groups

extrinsic and intrinsic

which two muscles are responsible for bilateral flexion of the back

rectus abdominus and psaos major

what is responsible for bilateral extension of the back

erector spinae

what muscles are responsible for rotation of back

internal and external oblique

erector spinae

what muscles are responsible for lateral flexion of back

internal, external oblique and erector spinae

same as lateral rotation

What is the conus medullaris?

conical inferior end of spinal cord

emerges into Cauda equina

What is the cauda equina?

bundle of spinal nerve roots in the lumbar cistern

What is the filum terminale?

longitudinal support to spinal cord

continuation of pia matter

what is the dural cistern

dilated dural sac

ends at S2

describe sympathetic outflow

thoracolumbar

T1-L2

cell bodies located at lateral horn of grey matter

describe parasympathetic outflow

craniosacral

cranial outflow from the brain

sacral outflow from pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

describe a spinal cord injury

blunt trauma or penetrating injury

cord compression from disc prolapse bone metastases

complete or partial loss of motor and sensory function

what is spinal cord ischemia

deficiency of blood supply to spinal cord

leads to muscle weakness and paralysis

what type of nerves are found in different parts of spine

dorsal root=

ventral root=

spinal nerve=

Dorsal rami=

ventral rami=

lateral horn=

sensory

motor

mixed

mixed

mixed

autonomic

what is the propose of spinal meninges

protects CNS

what are the coverings of the spinal cord

Dura matter

Arachnoid matter

Pia matter

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?

subarachnoid space

describe the Dural sac

terminates at S2

attached to tip of Coccyx by filum terminale

what are the curvatures of the spine and when are they developed

thoracic and sacral are primary, already present in fetus

cervical and lumbar are secondary, developed during infancy

what type of neurons does the lateral horn have

sympathetic neurons

describe part 1 of sympathetic chain

sympathetic fibres originate in the lateral horns between spinal levels T1-L2

describe part 2 of sympathetic chain

travels in the ventral root of the spinal nerve to the mixed spinal nerve

describe part 3 of sympathetic chain

leaves the mixed spinal nerve via white ramus communicans as preganglionic fibres to enter the sympathetic ganglion at same vertebral level

describe part 4 of sympathetic chain

After synapsing in the sympathetic chain ganglion, they re-enter the spinal nerve via GREY RAMUS COMMUNICANS as POST ganglionic fibres and are distributed in both dorsal and ventral rami of the spinal nerve

describe part 5 of sympathetic trunk

rami then go on to supply skin and body wall structures such as arrector pili muscles, blood vessels and glands at that dermatome with sympathetic input