A&P 1-1.3 The Cell (copy)

cell

• smallest unit that can carry out all activities we associate with life.

• basic unit of life

• When provided with essential nutrients & an appropriate environment, some ____ can be kept alive & growing for many years.

• No isolated part of a ___ is capable of sustained survival.

bacteria & protists

unicellular organisms

humans, plants, animals

multicellular organisms

cell theory

• the idea that cells are the basic unit of life & that all cells come from other cells.

• Cells are the basic living units of organization & function in all organisms.

• All cells come from other cells.

• Discovered by German scientists Schleidan, Schwann, & Virchow.

cells; basic living units; organization; function

cells; other cells

cell theory:

____ are the ____ of _____ & ____ in all organisms.

All ____ come from ____.

Schwann, Schleidan, Virchow

discovered the cell theory

most cells…

• are small enough that they can’t be seen with the eye alone.

• Require magnification with a light microscope: a device that passes light through a thin sample of the cell medium & then through a magnifying lens to be seen by the human eye.

few cells…

• are as big as 1 millimeter (mm) in diameter (1/25th of an inch) & are large enough to be seen by the human eye.

  • Ex: frog egg.

small; can’t

magnification; light microscope

most cells: are ___ enough that they can’t be seen with the eye alone.

Require ____ with a ______: a device that passes light through a thin sample of the cell medium & then through a magnifying lens to be seen by the human eye.

light microscope

a device that passes light through a thin sample of the cell medium & then through a magnifying lens to be seen by the human eye.

light; thin; magnifying lens

light microscope: a device that passes ____ through a ____ sample of the cell medium & then through a ______ to be seen by the human eye.

1 millimeter (mm); large; frog

few cells: are as big as ______ in diameter (1/25th of an inch) & are ____ enough to be seen by the human eye.

• Ex: ____ egg.

organelles

parts within a cell

_____ need to be functioning for the cell to survive, just like we need our organ systems functioning to continue life.

can be used for energy conversion & for synthesis of needed compounds.

biomacromolecules

(proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, & nucleic acids) that make up organelles

organelles; organ

____ are to a cell what an ____ is to a human.

energy conversion; synthesis

organelles can be used for ______ & for the _____ of needed compounds.

Cytosol

• fluid portion that surrounds the organelles.

• Enables all the organelles to be held in place.

fluid; surrounds

held in place

cytosol: ____ portion that _____ the organelles.

Enables all the organelles to be _____.

Plasma membrane

• Everything that enters or leaves a cell must pass through its _____

• surrounds all cells & contains specialized “pumps” & “gates” that regulate the passage of materials in & out of the cell.

• Substances either go through protein channels or move directly through the ________.

• NOT a free-flowing structure: there’s a containment method.

surrounds; “pumps” & “gates”; regulate; materials in & out

protein channels; directly through

containment

Plasma membrane: ______ all cells & contains specialized _____ that ______ the passage of _____ of the cell.

Substances either go through _____ or move _____ the membrane.

NOT a free-flowing structure: there’s a _____ method.

cell size must be kept small

• As a cell grows, the surface area-to-volume ratio changes.

  Cells need to remain relatively small bc as a cell expands, the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases.

• The smaller cell is more active bc relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell.

• Important that the cell stays small bc the ratio of SA to volume needs to be large bc the cell needs to have a lot of SA to be able to take in the nutrients it needs & excrete wastes.

  W/ a larger surface area (relative to volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.

• Metabolic processes such as diffusion (transportation of particles across the membrane), can all occur faster.

grows; changes

expands; decreases

smaller; larger

As a cell ____, the surface area-to-volume ratio ____.

Cells need to remain relatively small bc as a cell ___, the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell _____.

The _____ cell is more active bc relative to its volume, its surface area is ____ than a bigger cell.

small; large

nutrients; wastes

larger; metabolic processes; faster

Important that the cell stays ____ bc the ratio of SA to volume needs to be ____ bc the cell needs to have a lot of SA to be able to take in the ____ it needs & excrete ____.

W/ a ____ surface area (relative to volume) this allows the ___ to occur ____.

diffusion

transportation of particles across the membrane

cells; organelles

numerous folds; small; increase

____ (those of the intestinal wall) & _____ (mitochondria) that are actively carrying out biochemical processes have adaptations (______) in addition to their ____ size, that greatly ____ their surface area.

2 basic types of cells

prokaryotic & eukaryotic

prokaryotic & eukaryotic

2 basic types of cells

prokaryotic cells

simple cells. ex-bacteria

Prokaryotic cells

• simple cells for 3 reasons: Ex: Bacteria.

• 1) Typically, smaller than eukaryotic cells.

  • Most are between 1-10 μm (micrometers) in size (~ 1/30,000 of an inch); just visible with the light microscope.

• 2) DNA is NOT enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic = “before the nucleus”).

  • DNA is circular & free-floating.

• 3) Do NOT contain many of the internal membrane-bound organelles of eukaryotic cells.

• Like eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells contain a plasma membrane & ribosomes.

• Ribosomes are composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA) & synthesize proteins for use by the cell; they are NOT surrounded by a membrane.

• Membranes provide a location for metabolic processes to occur.

• Bc prokaryotes lack organelles w/ membranes, the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell is often folded inward to create numerous folds where metabolic processes take place.

Prokaryotic cells: simple cells for 3 reasons:

• 1) Typically, smaller than eukaryotic cells.

  • Most are between 1-10 μm (micrometers) in size (~ 1/30,000 of an inch); just visible with the light microscope.

• 2) DNA is NOT enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic = “before the nucleus”).

  • DNA is circular & free-floating.

• 3) Do NOT contain many of the internal membrane-bound organelles of eukaryotic cells.

simple; bacteria

smaller; 1-10 μm; light

NOT enclosed; before

circular

Do NOT contain

Prokaryotic cells: ____ cells for 3 reasons: Ex: ____.

• 1) Typically, ____ than eukaryotic cells.

  • Most are between _____ (micrometers) in size (~ 1/30,000 of an inch); just visible with the ____ microscope.

• 2) DNA is _____ in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic = “___ the nucleus”).

  • DNA is ____ & free-floating.

• 3) _____ many of the internal membrane-bound organelles of eukaryotic cells.

plasma membran; ribosomes

Ribosomes; ribonucleic acid (RNA); proteins

Membranes

lack; folded inward; numerous folds

Like eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells contain a ______ & ______.

_____ are composed of _____ & synthesize ____ for use by the cell; they are NOT surrounded by a membrane.

_____ provide a location for metabolic processes to occur.

Bc prokaryotes ____ organelles w/ membranes, the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell is often ____ to create ____ where metabolic processes take place.

membranes

provide a location for metabolic processes to occur.

inward; numerous folds; metabolic processes

prokaryotic plasma membranes are folded ____ to create ____ where ____ take place

bacteria

• Most people think of ____ as causing diseases.

• Ex: botulism: type of food poisoning that can lead to paralysis & sometimes death.

• The bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, can form a dormant, extremely durable cell called an endospore, which is released by the bacterium under adverse conditions.

• During the canning process, food must be heated to boiling for 3-4 minutes to kill any highly heat-resistant endospores that might be present.

botulism

type of food poisoning that can lead to paralysis & sometimes death.

The bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, can form a dormant, extremely durable cell called an endospore, which is released by the bacterium under adverse conditions.

During the canning process, food must be heated to boiling for 3-4 minutes to kill any highly heat-resistant endospores that might be present.

Clostridium botulinum

bacteria that causes botulism by releasing endospores

food poisoning; paralysis; death

Clostridium botulinum; endospore; adverse

canning

botulism: type of ____ that can lead to ____ & sometimes ____.

The bacterium, ____, can form a dormant, extremely durable cell called an ____, which is released by the bacterium under ____ conditions.

During the ____ process, food must be heated to boiling for 3-4 minutes to kill any highly heat-resistant endospores that might be present.

endospore

a dormant, extremely durable cell released by the Clostridium botulinum bacterium under adverse conditions.

Eukaryotic cells

• complex cells. Ex: Plants, animals, & humans.

• 10-100 times larger than prokaryotic cells

• Possess a nuclear membrane (eukaryotic = “true nucleus”) that houses the DNA.

  • DNA is linear.

• Contain many membrane-bound organelles.

• Membranes are important to a complex cell bc they:

  • Form compartments within organelles where reactants are more likely to come into contact.

  • Keep certain compounds away from one another.

  • Form a work surface where many enzymes can congregate to complete a complex reaction.

eukaryotic cells are complex cells for 3 reasons. Ex: humans, plants, animals

1. 10-100 times larger than prokaryotic cells

2. Possess a nuclear membrane (eukaryotic = “true nucleus”) that houses the DNA.

   • DNA is linear.

3. Contain many membrane-bound organelles.

   • Membranes are important to a complex cell bc they:

   • Form compartments within organelles where reactants are more likely to come into contact.

   • Keep certain compounds away from one another.

   • Form a work surface where many enzymes can congregate to complete a complex reaction.

complex; Plants, animals, & humans.

larger

Possess; true; houses

linear

contain

eukaryotic cells are _____ cells. Ex: _____

• 10-100 times ___ than prokaryotic cells

• _____ a nuclear membrane (eukaryotic = “____ nucleus”) that ____ the DNA.

  • DNA is ____.

• _____ many membrane-bound organelles.

• Membranes are important to a complex cell bc they:

  • Form compartments within organelles where reactants are more likely to come into contact.

  • Keep certain compounds away from one another.

  • Form a work surface where many enzymes can congregate to complete a complex reaction.

membranes

compartments; reactants; come into contact

away

work surface; congregate

_____ are important to a complex cell bc they:

Form ______ within organelles where ____ are more likely to ______.

Keep certain compounds ____ from one another.

Form a ____ where many enzymes can ____ to complete a complex reaction.

organelles

Eukaryotic cells have ______ inside each cell.

nucleus

• surrounded by a nuclear membrane (envelope).

• “Brain” of the cell.

• Most prominent organelle in the cell.

• Contains DNA.

• Serves as the control center of the cell: directs all cellular activities.

nuclear membrane

brain

Most prominent

DNA

control center

Nucleus: surrounded by a _____ (envelope).

“_____” of the cell.

____ organelle in the cell.

Contains ____.

Serves as the _____ of the cell: directs all cellular activities.

nuclear membrane (envelope)

surrounds the nucleus

DNA

composed of sequences of nucleotides.

nucleotides

DNA is composed of sequences of ____.

chromosomes

the organized or “packaged” form of DNA inside a cell.

organized; DNA

chromosomes: the ______ or “packaged” form of ____ inside a cell.

genes

sections of nucleotide sequences; portions of chromosomes.

Determine what proteins are synthesized in the ribosomes.

sections; portions

proteins

genes: _____ of nucleotide sequences; ____ of chromosomes.

Determine what ____ are synthesized in the ribosomes.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

DNA is copied in this form so it can leave the nucleus to make proteins; transfers information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes.

Takes the coded amino acid sequence from the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

DNA; leave; nucleus

proteins; ribosomes

coded amino acid sequence; protein synthesis.

Messenger RNA (mRNA): ____ is copied in this form so it can ____ the _____ to make _____; transfers information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ____.

Takes the ____ from the nucleus to the ribosome for _____

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

RNA found in the ribosomes.

Synthesized in a region of the nucleus called the nucleolus.

ribosomes

nucleolus

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): RNA found in the ____.

Synthesized in a region of the nucleus called the ____.

nucleolus

center of the nucleus; synthesizes rRNA.

center; rRNA

Nucleolus: ____ of the nucleus ; synthesizes ____.

ribosomes

• tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins.

• Translate that DNA message to get to a protein.

• Visible as small granules.

• Contain ribosomal RNA plus the enzymes necessary to form peptide bonds between amino acids.

assemble proteins

Translate

granules

ribosomal RNA; enzymes; peptide bonds

ribosomes: tiny manufacturing plants that ____.

______ that DNA message to get to a protein.

Visible as small ____.

Contain ____ plus the _____ necessary to form____ between amino acids.

proteins

Each type of cell produces a unique combination of _____.

DNA nucleotides; code; order

amino acids

The unique sequence of ____ in a cell serves as a ___ that specifies the ___ in which _____ are assembled.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

• a maze of tightly packed & flattened, sac-like structures that form interconnected compartments within the cytoplasm.

• An extension of the outer membrane of the nucleus.

• Modifies & transports proteins that are derived from ribosomes found along its surface.

• After proteins are assembled by the ribosomes, they’re modified & transported by the _____.

sac-like

interconnected; cytoplasm

membrane; nucleus

Modifies; transports; ribosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): a maze of tightly packed & flattened, ____ structures that form _____ compartments within the ______.

An extension of the outer _____ of the ____.

____ & ____ proteins that are derived from _____ found along its surface.

rough ER & smooth ER

There are 2 continuous sections to the ER

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

• Modifies & transports proteins that are derived from ribosomes found along its surface.

• Sections that possess ribosomes appear “bumpy.”

Ribosomes

Modifies; transports; proteins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): _____ are located on the ER.

____ & ____ _____ that are derived from ribosomes found along its surface.

Sections that possess ribosomes appear “bumpy.”

smooth ER

• has NO attached ribosomes.

• Responsible for the synthesis of lipids.

• Human liver cells possess extensive amounts of ____.

• This is where cholesterol, a major component of cell membranes, is formed.

NO attached

synthesis of lipids

liver

cholesterol

Smooth ER: has ______ ribosomes.

Responsible for the ______.

Human ____ cells possess extensive amounts of smooth ER.

This is where ____, a major component of cell membranes, is formed.

cytosol

the fluid portion of the cell & NOT INCLUDING all the organelles outside of the nucleus.

Cytoplasm

the fluid portion of the cell INLCUDING all the organelles outside of the nucleus

fluid; NOT INCLUDING

cytosol: the ___ portion of the cell & _____ all the organelles outside of the nucleus.

fluid; INCLUDING

cytoplasm: the ____ portion of the cell ____ all the organelles outside of the nucleus

Golgi complex (apparatus)

• an organelle made up of a stack of many flattened sacs (cisternae).

• Named after the scientist who discovered it.

• Parts of the ___ are connected, however, most form separate compartments.

• Responsible for receiving lipids & proteins synthesized by the ER, altering their structures, & shipping them to other parts of the cell.

• The ____ receives its products from the ER & they go through the series of flattened sacs (cisternae) & modifies them to get them ready to be sent out in the cell or sent outside of the cell.

• As portions pinch off from the _____ membrane forming enclosed sacs called vesicles, they & their contents can be transported to other organelles within the cell or exported out of the cell through the cell membrane.

• Accomplished through fusion of the vesicles with the plasma membrane of the cell or other membrane-bound organelles.

• Fusion can occur because all membranes within the cell are structured similarly.

cisternae

connected; separate compartments

lipids & proteins; ER; altering; shipping

vesicles

fusion

Golgi complex (apparatus): an organelle made up of a stack of many flattened sacs (____).

Named after the scientist who discovered it.

Parts of the Golgi complex are _____, however, most form _____.

Responsible for receiving ______ synthesized by the ____, _____ their structures, & _____ them to other parts of the cell.

The Golgi apparatus receives its products from the ER & they go through the series of flattened sacs (cisternae) & modifies them to get them ready to be sent out in the cell or sent outside of the cell.

As portions pinch off from the Golgi membrane forming enclosed sacs called _____, they & their contents can be transported to other organelles within the cell or exported out of the cell through the cell membrane.

Accomplished through _____ of the vesicles with the plasma membrane of the cell or other membrane-bound organelles.

Fusion can occur because all membranes within the cell are structured similarly

lysosomes

• The Golgi complex also produces small sacs of digestive enzymes called lysosomes ("lysis" = to disintegrate).

• Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes to break down waste products & harmful materials.

• break down biomacromolecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, & nucleic acids) that originate inside or outside of the cell.

• Once broken into their building block monomers, these molecules can later be recycled into new biomacromolecules.

• Lysosomes can also fuse with other vesicles containing harmful bacteria.

• The bacteria can then be degraded into its components.

Golgi complex; lysosomes

The _____ also produces small sacs of digestive enzymes called _____

("lysis" = to disintegrate).

lysosomes

• contain digestive enzymes to break down waste products & harmful materials.

• break down biomacromolecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, & nucleic acids) that originate inside or outside of the cell.

• Once broken into their building block monomers, these molecules can later be recycled into new biomacromolecules.

• ________ can also fuse with other vesicles containing harmful bacteria.

• The bacteria can then be degraded into its components.

digestive enzymes

biomacromolecules

recycled; biomacromolecules

vesicles

degraded;

Lysosomes: contain _____ to break down waste products & harmful materials.

break down _____ (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, & nucleic acids) that originate inside or outside of the cell.

Once broken into their building block monomers, these molecules can later be ____ into new _____.

Lysosomes can also fuse with other ____ containing harmful bacteria.

The bacteria can then be ____ into its components.

Tay-Sachs

• genetic disease

• 1 of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down.

• The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability & death.

disease

digestive enzymes; lacking; toxic lipid

brain

intellectual disability & death

Tay-Sachs: genetic _____.

1 of the normally present _____ inside lysosomes is ____. Thus, a _____ in the ___ cells cannot be broken down.

The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause ______

Mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion)

organelle responsible for converting the chemical energy found in food into ATP.

converting; chemical energy

ATP

Mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion): organelle responsible for _____ the ___ found in food into ___.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

a high-energy molecule that provides energy for the cell to carry out its activities.

high-energy; energy

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): a ____ molecule that provides ___ for the cell to carry out its activities.

Aerobic cellular respiration

• converting the chemical energy found in food into ATP using oxygen.

• Carbon dioxide, water, & ATP are produced.

chemical energy; ATP

oxygen

Carbon dioxide, water, & ATP

Aerobic cellular respiration: converting the _____ found in food into ___ using ____.

_______ are produced.

Cellular respiration

• oxygen is required to break down food (usually in the form of glucose).

• Carbon dioxide, water, & ATP are produced.

• **This is very much like respiration (breathing) in your lungs, but at the cellular level.

• It is through the lungs that the necessary oxygen is obtained to be used by the cells for respiration.

oxygen; break down; glucose

Carbon dioxide, water, & ATP

lungs

Cellular respiration: ______ is required to ____ food (usually in the form of ___).

______ are produced.

**This is very much like respiration (breathing) in your lungs, but at the cellular level.

It is through the ____ that the necessary oxygen is obtained to be used by the cells for respiration.

2

Each mitochondrion is bound by a double membrane.

There are _____ membranes, one inside the other.

Intermembrane space

space between the inner & outer membranes of mitochondria.

Matrix

forms the center of the mitochondrion, bound by just the inner membrane.

center; inner

matrix: forms the ___ of the mitochondrion, bound by just the ____ membrane.

inner mitochondrial membrane

• possesses numerous folds that increase the surface area.

• Allows ample room for the chemical reactions & enzymes required to transfer the chemical energy in food into ATP.

• More production of ATP can occur inside the mitochondria.

folds; increase

ample room; chemical reactions & enzymes

More; inside

inner mitochondrial membrane: possesses numerous ____ that ____ the surface area.

Allows ___ for the ____ required to transfer the chemical energy in food into ATP.

____ production of ATP can occur ____ the mitochondria.

cytoskeleton

• Eukaryotic cells also contain a ____: found outside of the cell; consists of a network of protein fibers that provide structural support & movement within the cell.

• They’re like what our skeleton is for our body, but for the cell.

outside

protein fibers; structural support & movement

Eukaryotic cells also contain a cytoskeleton: found ____ of the cell; consists of a network of ____ that provide ____ & _____ within the cell.

They’re like what our skeleton is for our body, but for the cell.

microtubules & microfilaments

2 types of protein fibers that compose the cytoskeleton, both of which can be rapidly assembled & disassembled

Microtubules

hollow cylinders (like a tube) that are involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division & in the structure of cilia & flagella.