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Aden/o
Meaning: Pertains to a gland.
Adenitis
Meaning: Inflammation of a gland
Breakdown:
Root: aden/o (gland)
Suffix: -itis (inflammation)
Chinese Translation: 腺炎
Adenopathy
Meaning: Disease condition or enlargement involving a gland or glands
Breakdown:
Root: aden/o (gland)
Suffix: -pathy (disease or disorder)
Chinese Translation: 腺病变
Adenoma
Meaning: A benign tumor originating in glandular tissue
Breakdown:
Root: aden/o (gland)
Suffix: -oma (tumor)
Chinese Translation: 腺瘤
Adenectomy
Meaning: Surgical removal of a gland
Breakdown:
Root: aden/o (gland)
Suffix: -ectomy (surgical removal)
Chinese Translation: 腺切除术
Angi/o
Angioplasty
Meaning: Surgical repair or unblocking of a blood vessel
Breakdown:
Root: angi/o (vessel)
Suffix: -plasty (surgical repair)
Chinese Translation: 血管成形术
Angiography
Meaning: Radiographic imaging of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium
Breakdown:
Root: angi/o (vessel)
Suffix: -graphy (process of recording/imaging)
Chinese Translation: 血管造影
Angiogenesis
Meaning: Formation or development of new blood vessels
Breakdown:
Root: angi/o (vessel)
Suffix: -genesis (formation/creation)
Chinese Translation: 血管生成
Angioma
Meaning: A benign tumor of blood vessels or lymph vessels
Breakdown:
Root: angi/o (vessel)
Suffix: -oma (tumor)
Chinese Translation: 血管瘤
Arteri/o
Meaning: Artery 动脉
Arteriosclerosis
Meaning: Hardening of the arteries
Breakdown:
Root: arteri/o (artery)
Suffix: -sclerosis (hardening)
Chinese Translation: 动脉硬化
Arteritis
Meaning: Inflammation of an artery
Breakdown:
Root: arteri/o (artery)
Suffix: -itis (inflammation)
Chinese Translation: 动脉炎
Arteriogram
Meaning: Radiographic image of an artery
Breakdown:
Root: arteri/o (artery)
Suffix: -gram (record or image)
Chinese Translation: 动脉造影图
Arteriopathy
Meaning: Any disease of the arteries
Breakdown:
Root: arteri/o (artery)
Suffix: -pathy (disease condition)
Chinese Translation: 动脉病变
Bil/i
Bil/i
Meaning: Bile 胆汁
Biliary
Meaning: Pertaining to bile or the bile ducts
Breakdown:
Root: bil/i (bile)
Suffix: -ary (pertaining to)
Chinese Translation: 胆汁的 / 胆道的
Biliary Colic
Meaning: Pain associated with gallstones obstructing the bile duct
Breakdown:
Root: bil/i (bile)
Suffix: -ary (pertaining to); “colic” (pain in a hollow organ)
Chinese Translation: 胆绞痛
Biligenesis
Meaning: The formation or production of bile
Breakdown:
Root: bil/i (bile)
Suffix: -genesis (formation)
Chinese Translation: 胆汁生成
Bile Reflux
Meaning: Backward flow of bile into the stomach or esophagus
Breakdown:
Root: bil/i (bile)
“Reflux” = backward flow
Chinese Translation: 胆汁反流
Bucc/o
Meaning: Cheek 脸颊 (读作颊（jiá），脸的两侧)
Buccal Mucosa
Meaning: The mucous membrane lining the inside of the cheeks
Breakdown:
Root: bucc/o (cheek)
Suffix: -al (pertaining to)
Chinese Translation: 颊黏膜
Buccinator
Meaning: A facial muscle in the cheek area
Breakdown:
Root: bucc/o (cheek)
Suffix: -ator (something that performs an action, though here it’s part of the anatomical name)
Chinese Translation: 颊肌
Buccal Swab
Meaning: A swab taken from the inside of the cheek for testing
Breakdown:
Root: bucc/o (cheek)
Suffix: -al (pertaining to)
Chinese Translation: 颊拭子
Buccogingival
Meaning: Pertaining to the cheek and gums
Breakdown:
Root: bucc/o (cheek)
Root: gingiv/o (gums)
Suffix: -al (pertaining to)
Chinese Translation: 颊龈的
Carcin/o
Meaning: Cancer
1) Carcinoma
Meaning: A malignant tumor of epithelial origin
Example: “Basal cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer.”
Breakdown:
Root: carcin/o (癌)
Suffix: -oma (瘤)
Chinese Translation: 癌
2) Carcinogenesis
Meaning: The process of turning normal cells into cancerous ones
Example: “Smoking is linked to carcinogenesis in lung tissue.”
Breakdown:
Root: carcin/o (癌)
Suffix: -genesis (形成)
Chinese Translation: 癌发生
3) Carcinogen
Meaning: A substance that causes cancer
Example: “Asbestos is a known carcinogen.”
Breakdown:
Root: carcin/o (癌)
Suffix: -gen (生成物)
Chinese Translation: 致癌物
4) Carcinomatosis
Meaning: Widespread dissemination of multiple carcinomas
Example: “Carcinomatosis often indicates advanced disease.”
Breakdown:
Root: carcin/o (癌)
Suffix: -omatosis (瘤病)
Chinese Translation: 癌病扩散
Cardi/o
Meaning: Heart
1) Cardiology
Meaning: The study of the heart and its functions
Example: “He specializes in cardiology to treat heart conditions.”
Breakdown:
Root: cardi/o (心脏)
Suffix: -logy (学)
Chinese Translation: 心脏病学
2) Cardiomegaly
Meaning: Enlargement of the heart
Example: “X-ray findings showed cardiomegaly.”
Breakdown:
Root: cardi/o (心脏)
Suffix: -megaly (肥大)
Chinese Translation: 心脏肥大
3) Cardiomyopathy
Meaning: Disease of the heart muscle
Example: “Dilated cardiomyopathy weakens the heart’s pumping ability.”
Breakdown:
Root: cardi/o (心脏)
Root: my/o (肌肉)
Suffix: -pathy (病)
Chinese Translation: 心肌病
4) Cardiothoracic
Meaning: Pertaining to the heart and chest
Example: “He is a cardiothoracic surgeon performing bypass surgery.”
Breakdown:
Root: cardi/o (心脏)
Root: thorac/o (胸)
Suffix: -ic (的)
Chinese Translation: 心胸的
Chol/o
Meaning: Bile, gall 胆
1) Cholorrhea
Meaning: Excessive flow or discharge of bile
Example: “Certain liver conditions may present with cholorrhea.”
Breakdown:
Root: chol/o (胆汁)
Suffix: -rrhea (溢)
Chinese Translation: 胆汁溢
2) Cholelith /koh-luh-lith/
Meaning: A gallstone
Example: “An ultrasound revealed multiple choleliths.”
Breakdown:
Root: chol/e (胆汁)
Suffix: -lith (石)
Chinese Translation: 胆石
3) Cholesterol
Meaning: A waxy substance in blood, named for its presence in bile (chole-)
Example: “High cholesterol can predispose to heart disease.”
Breakdown:
Chole- (胆汁) + -sterol (固醇)
Chinese Translation: 胆固醇
4) Cholangitis
Meaning: Inflammation of the bile ducts
Example: “Cholangitis typically presents with right upper quadrant pain.”
Breakdown:
Root: chol/e (胆汁)
Root: angi/o (管)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 胆管炎
Cholecyst/o
Meaning: Gallbladder
1) Cholecystectomy
Meaning: Surgical removal of the gallbladder
Example: “A laparoscopic cholecystectomy is common for gallstones.”
Breakdown:
Root: cholecyst/o (胆囊)
Suffix: -ectomy (切除术)
Chinese Translation: 胆囊切除术
2) Cholecystitis
Meaning: Inflammation of the gallbladder
Example: “Cholecystitis often causes severe pain under the right ribs.”
Breakdown:
Root: cholecyst/o (胆囊)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 胆囊炎
3) Cholecystogram
Meaning: X-ray or radiographic record of the gallbladder
Example: “A cholecystogram can help diagnose gallstones.”
Breakdown:
Root: cholecyst/o (胆囊)
Suffix: -gram (造影片)
Chinese Translation: 胆囊造影片
4) Cholecystolithiasis
Meaning: Presence of gallstones in the gallbladder
Example: “Cholecystolithiasis may require surgical intervention.”
Breakdown:
Root: cholecyst/o (胆囊)
Root: lith/o (石)
Suffix: -iasis (病)
Chinese Translation: 胆囊结石病
Cor/o, coron/o
Meaning: Heart (esp. coronary arteries) 冠状动脉
1) Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Meaning: Narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries
Breakdown:
Coronary:
Root: coron/o (冠状)
Suffix: -ary (的)
Artery: Blood vessel carrying blood away from heart (动脉)
Disease: A disorder (疾病)
Example: “Smoking is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease.”
Chinese Translation: 冠状动脉疾病
2) Coronary Angioplasty
Meaning: Surgical repair/unblocking of coronary arteries
Breakdown:
Coronary: (see above)
Angioplasty:
Root: angi/o (血管)
Suffix: -plasty (成形术)
Example: “He underwent coronary angioplasty to remove a blockage.”
Chinese Translation: 冠状动脉成形术
3) Coronary Bypass (CABG)
Meaning: Grafting a vessel to bypass a blocked coronary artery
Breakdown:
Coronary: (see above)
Bypass: Creating a detour around a blockage (搭桥)
Example: “CABG improved blood flow to his heart.”
Chinese Translation: 冠状动脉搭桥术
4) Coronary Thrombosis
Meaning: Formation of a clot in the coronary artery
Breakdown:
Coronary: (see above)
Thrombosis:
Root: thromb/o (血栓)
Suffix: -osis (病)
Example: “An acute coronary thrombosis can cause a heart attack.”
Chinese Translation: 冠状动脉血栓形成
Col/o
Meaning: Colon 结肠
1) Colostomy
Meaning: Surgical creation of an opening in the colon
Example: “A colostomy can divert waste when part of the colon is removed.”
Breakdown:
Root: col/o (结肠)
Suffix: -stomy (造口术)
Chinese Translation: 结肠造口术
2) Colitis
Meaning: Inflammation of the colon
Example: “Ulcerative colitis is a chronic form of colitis.”
Breakdown:
Root: col/o (结肠)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 结肠炎
3) Colonoscopy
Meaning: Visual examination of the colon using a scope
Example: “A colonoscopy is recommended for screening after age 45–50.”
Breakdown:
Colon: (variation of col/o, 结肠)
Suffix: -scopy (镜检)
Chinese Translation: 结肠镜检查
4) Colotomy
Meaning: Surgical incision into the colon
Example: “A colotomy may be necessary to remove a large polyp.”
Breakdown:
Root: col/o (结肠)
Suffix: -tomy (切开术)
Chinese Translation: 结肠切开术
Cyst/o
Meaning: Bladder (also cyst or sac) 膀胱
1) Cystitis
Meaning: Inflammation of the urinary bladder
Example: “Frequent urination can be a sign of cystitis.”
Breakdown:
Root: cyst/o (膀胱)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 膀胱炎
2) Cystoscopy
Meaning: Visual examination of the bladder using a scope
Example: “A cystoscopy can detect bladder stones or tumors.”
Breakdown:
Root: cyst/o (膀胱)
Suffix: -scopy (镜检)
Chinese Translation: 膀胱镜检查
3) Cystectomy
Meaning: Surgical removal of the bladder
Example: “A cystectomy may be required for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.”
Breakdown:
Root: cyst/o (膀胱)
Suffix: -ectomy (切除术)
Chinese Translation: 膀胱切除术
4) Cystocele
Meaning: Herniation of the bladder into the vaginal wall
Example: “A cystocele can cause urinary incontinence.”
Breakdown:
Root: cyst/o (膀胱)
Suffix: -cele (膨出)
Chinese Translation: 膀胱膨出
Dent/o
Meaning: Tooth
1) Dentalgia
Meaning: Tooth pain
Example: “She complained of dentalgia after drinking cold water.”
Breakdown:
Root: dent/o (牙)
Suffix: -algia (痛)
Chinese Translation: 牙痛
2) Dentiform
Meaning: Tooth-shaped
Example: “Some fossils have a dentiform pattern.”
Breakdown:
Root: dent/o (牙)
Suffix: -form (形状)
Chinese Translation: 牙状的
3) Dentition
Meaning: The arrangement or condition of the teeth
Example: “Children’s dentition changes when baby teeth fall out.”
Breakdown:
Root: dent/i (牙)
Suffix: -tion (过程)
Chinese Translation: 齿列
4) Dentoplasty
Meaning: Surgical repair or reshaping of a tooth
Example: “Dentoplasty is sometimes done for cosmetic reasons.”
Breakdown:
Root: dent/o (牙)
Suffix: -plasty (成形术)
Chinese Translation: 牙齿整形术
Derm/o
Meaning: Skin
1) Dermatitis
Meaning: Inflammation of the skin
Example: “Allergic dermatitis can cause itching and redness.”
Breakdown:
Root: derm/o (皮肤)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 皮炎
2) Dermabrasion
Meaning: Procedure to remove skin blemishes by abrasion
Example: “Dermabrasion can improve scar appearance.”
Breakdown:
Root: derm/o (皮肤)
Prefix: ab- (去)
Suffix: -rasion (磨削)
Chinese Translation: 皮肤磨削术
3) Dermatology
Meaning: The study of the skin and its diseases
Example: “She visited dermatology for chronic acne.”
Breakdown:
Root: dermat/o (皮肤)
Suffix: -logy (学)
Chinese Translation: 皮肤病学
4) Dermis
Meaning: The inner layer of the two main layers of the skin
Example: “Tattoo ink is deposited into the dermis.”
Breakdown:
Root: derm/o (皮肤)
Suffix: -is (名词结尾)
Chinese Translation: 真皮
Encephal/o
Meaning: Brain
1) Encephalitis
Meaning: Inflammation of the brain
Example: “Encephalitis can be caused by viruses like herpes.”
Breakdown:
Root: encephal/o (脑)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 脑炎
2) Encephalopathy
Meaning: Any disease of the brain
Example: “Hepatic encephalopathy occurs in severe liver disease.”
Breakdown:
Root: encephal/o (脑)
Suffix: -pathy (病)
Chinese Translation: 脑病
3) Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Meaning: A recording of the brain’s electrical activity
Example: “An EEG helps diagnose epilepsy.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: electr/o (电)
Root: encephal/o (脑)
Suffix: -gram (图)
Chinese Translation: 脑电图
4) Anencephaly
Meaning: Congenital absence of a major portion of the brain/skull
Example: “Anencephaly is a severe neural tube defect.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: an- (无)
Root: encephal/o (脑)
Suffix: -y (症)
Chinese Translation: 无脑畸形
Enter/o
Meaning: Intestines
1) Enteritis
Meaning: Inflammation of the intestine
Example: “Enteritis can cause diarrhea and abdominal pain.”
Breakdown:
Root: enter/o (肠)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 肠炎
2) Enteropathy
Meaning: Any disease of the intestines
Example: “Celiac disease is an autoimmune enteropathy.”
Breakdown:
Root: enter/o (肠)
Suffix: -pathy (病)
Chinese Translation: 肠病
3) Gastroenterology
Meaning: Study of the stomach and intestines
Example: “She chose gastroenterology to treat digestive disorders.”
Breakdown:
Root: gastr/o (胃)
Root: enter/o (肠)
Suffix: -logy (学)
Chinese Translation: 胃肠病学
4) Dysentery
Meaning: Severe diarrhea, often with blood/mucus, due to intestinal infection
Example: “Dysentery is common in areas with poor sanitation.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: dys- (困难/异常)
Root: enter/o (肠)
Suffix: -y (症)
Chinese Translation: 痢疾
Gastr/o
Meaning: Stomach
1) Gastritis
Meaning: Inflammation of the stomach
Example: “H. pylori infection often causes gastritis.”
Breakdown:
Root: gastr/o (胃)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 胃炎
2) Gastrectomy
Meaning: Surgical removal of the stomach (or part of it)
Example: “A partial gastrectomy may help treat bleeding ulcers.”
Breakdown:
Root: gastr/o (胃)
Suffix: -ectomy (切除术)
Chinese Translation: 胃切除术
3) Gastrostomy
Meaning: Creation of an artificial opening into the stomach
Example: “A gastrostomy tube is used for feeding when swallowing is impaired.”
Breakdown:
Root: gastr/o (胃)
Suffix: -stomy (造口术)
Chinese Translation: 胃造口术
4) Gastralgia
Meaning: Stomach pain
Example: “She complained of gastralgia after eating spicy foods.”
Breakdown:
Root: gastr/o (胃)
Suffix: -algia (痛)
Chinese Translation: 胃痛
Gingiv/o
Meaning: Gums
1) Gingivitis
Meaning: Inflammation of the gums
Example: “Bleeding gums is a sign of gingivitis.”
Breakdown:
Root: gingiv/o (牙龈)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 牙龈炎
2) Gingivectomy
Meaning: Surgical removal of gum tissue
Example: “A gingivectomy may be done to treat severe periodontal disease.”
Breakdown:
Root: gingiv/o (牙龈)
Suffix: -ectomy (切除术)
Chinese Translation: 牙龈切除术
3) Gingivoplasty
Meaning: Surgical reshaping of the gums
Example: “Gingivoplasty can improve gum contour around teeth.”
Breakdown:
Root: gingiv/o (牙龈)
Suffix: -plasty (成形术)
Chinese Translation: 牙龈成形术
4) Gingivobuccal
Meaning: Pertaining to the gums and the cheek
Example: “A gingivobuccal sulcus tumor affects the gum-cheek area.”
Breakdown:
Root: gingiv/o (牙龈)
Root: bucc/o (颊)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 龈颊的
Gynec/o
Meaning: Female
1) Gynecology
Meaning: The study of the female reproductive system
Example: “She is a specialist in gynecology and obstetrics.”
Breakdown:
Root: gynec/o (女性)
Suffix: -logy (学)
Chinese Translation: 妇科学
2) Gynecologist
Meaning: A doctor specializing in gynecology
Example: “Annual checkups with a gynecologist are recommended.”
Breakdown:
Root: gynec/o (女性)
Suffix: -logist (专家)
Chinese Translation: 妇科医生
3) Gynecopathology
Meaning: The study of diseases specific to women
Example: “Gynecopathology covers uterine and ovarian disorders.”
Breakdown:
Root: gynec/o (女性)
Root: path/o (病)
Suffix: -logy (学)
Chinese Translation: 女性病理学
4) Gynecomastia
Meaning: Enlargement of male breast tissue
Example: “Hormonal imbalances can cause gynecomastia.”
Breakdown:
Root: gynec/o (女性)
Root: mast/o (乳房)
Suffix: -ia (症)
Chinese Translation: 男性乳房发育
Hem/o
Meaning: Blood 血
1) Hemorrhage
Meaning: Excessive bleeding
Example: “A brain hemorrhage can be life-threatening.”
Breakdown:
Root: hem/o (血)
Suffix: -rrhage (大出血)
Chinese Translation: 出血
2) Hemolysis
Meaning: Destruction or breakdown of red blood cells
Example: “Certain autoimmune conditions cause hemolysis.”
Breakdown:
Root: hem/o (血)
Suffix: -lysis (溶解)
Chinese Translation: 溶血
3) Hemostasis
Meaning: Stopping or controlling bleeding
Example: “Platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis.”
Breakdown:
Root: hem/o (血)
Suffix: -stasis (止)
Chinese Translation: 止血
4) Hemoglobin
Meaning: The oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells
Example: “A low hemoglobin level indicates anemia.”
Breakdown:
Root: hem/o (血)
Suffix: -globin (球蛋白)
Chinese Translation: 血红蛋白
Hemat/o
Meaning: Blood (variant of hem/o) 血
1) Hematoma
Meaning: A localized collection of blood (a bruise)
Example: “A large hematoma formed after the injury.”
Breakdown:
Root: hemat/o (血)
Suffix: -oma (肿)
Chinese Translation: 血肿
2) Hematology
Meaning: The study of blood and blood diseases
Example: “He is pursuing a fellowship in hematology.”
Breakdown:
Root: hemat/o (血)
Suffix: -logy (学)
Chinese Translation: 血液学
3) Hematopoiesis
Meaning: The formation of blood cells
Example: “Bone marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis.”
Breakdown:
Root: hemat/o (血)
Suffix: -poiesis (生成)
Chinese Translation: 造血
4) Hematocrit
Meaning: The percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood
Example: “A low hematocrit suggests anemia.”
Breakdown:
Root: hemat/o (血)
Suffix: -crit (分离)
Chinese Translation: 血细胞比容
Hepat/o
Meaning: Liver
1) Hepatitis
Meaning: Inflammation of the liver
Example: “Viral hepatitis can be caused by hepatitis B or C.”
Breakdown:
Root: hepat/o (肝)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 肝炎
2) Hepatomegaly
Meaning: Enlargement of the liver
Example: “Alcohol abuse can lead to hepatomegaly.”
Breakdown:
Root: hepat/o (肝)
Suffix: -megaly (肿大)
Chinese Translation: 肝肿大
3) Hepatotoxic
Meaning: Toxic or damaging to the liver
Example: “Certain drugs are hepatotoxic if overdosed.”
Breakdown:
Root: hepat/o (肝)
Suffix: -toxic (毒性)
Chinese Translation: 肝毒性
4) Hepatoma
Meaning: A tumor of the liver (often hepatocellular carcinoma)
Example: “Chronic hepatitis may increase the risk of hepatoma.”
Breakdown:
Root: hepat/o (肝)
Suffix: -oma (瘤)
Chinese Translation: 肝瘤
Hyster/o
Meaning: Uterus 子宫
1) Hysterectomy
Meaning: Surgical removal of the uterus
Example: “A hysterectomy may be indicated for large fibroids.”
Breakdown:
Root: hyster/o (子宫)
Suffix: -ectomy (切除术)
Chinese Translation: 子宫切除术
2) Hysteroscopy
Meaning: Visual examination of the uterus with an endoscope
Example: “Hysteroscopy can detect polyps or fibroids.”
Breakdown:
Root: hyster/o (子宫)
Suffix: -scopy (镜检)
Chinese Translation: 子宫镜检查
3) Hysterotomy
Meaning: Surgical incision into the uterus (e.g., in C-section)
Example: “A hysterotomy is required to deliver the baby surgically.”
Breakdown:
Root: hyster/o (子宫)
Suffix: -tomy (切开术)
Chinese Translation: 子宫切开术
4) Hysteroptosis
Meaning: Prolapse (drooping) of the uterus
Example: “Pelvic floor muscle weakness can lead to hysteroptosis.”
Breakdown:
Root: hyster/o (子宫)
Suffix: -ptosis (下垂)
Chinese Translation: 子宫下垂
Labi/o
Meaning: Lip
1) Labial
Meaning: Pertaining to the lip
Example: “He applied ointment to the labial area for cold sores.”
Breakdown:
Root: labi/o (唇)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 唇的
2) Labioplasty
Meaning: Surgical repair or reshaping of the lip(s)
Example: “Labioplasty can be cosmetic or reconstructive.”
Breakdown:
Root: labi/o (唇)
Suffix: -plasty (成形术)
Chinese Translation: 唇整形术
3) Labioversion
Meaning: A tooth tilted toward the lip
Example: “Orthodontics can correct labioversion.”
Breakdown:
Root: labi/o (唇)
Suffix: -version (转位)
Chinese Translation: 朝唇倾斜
4) Labial Frenulum
Meaning: The tissue fold connecting the lip to the gums
Example: “A tight labial frenulum can cause a gap between front teeth.”
Breakdown:
Labial: (see above)
Frenulum: A small fold of tissue (系带)
Chinese Translation: 唇系带
Lith/o
Meaning: Stone
1) Lithotripsy
Meaning: Crushing of stones (e.g., kidney stones) using shock waves
Example: “Extracorporeal lithotripsy is used for large renal stones.”
Breakdown:
Root: lith/o (石)
Suffix: -tripsy (碎)
Chinese Translation: 碎石术
2) Nephrolithiasis
Meaning: Kidney stones (condition)
Example: “Flank pain is a classic sign of nephrolithiasis.”
Breakdown:
Root: nephr/o (肾)
Root: lith/o (石)
Suffix: -iasis (病)
Chinese Translation: 肾结石病
3) Cholelithiasis
Meaning: Gallstones (condition)
Example: “Cholelithiasis may require gallbladder surgery if symptomatic.”
Breakdown:
Root: chol/e (胆汁)
Root: lith/o (石)
Suffix: -iasis (病)
Chinese Translation: 胆结石病
4) Urolith
Meaning: A stone in the urinary tract
Example: “A ureteric urolith can obstruct urine flow.”
Breakdown:
Root: ur/o (尿)
Root: lith (石)
Chinese Translation: 尿路结石
Lingu/o
Meaning: Tongue
1) Lingual Nerve
Meaning: A nerve supplying sensation to the tongue
Breakdown:
Lingual:
Root: lingu/o (舌)
Suffix: -al (的)
Nerve: A bundle of fibers transmitting impulses (神经)
Example: “The lingual nerve can be injured during wisdom tooth removal.”
Chinese Translation: 舌神经
2) Sublingual
Meaning: Under the tongue
Example: “Sublingual tablets dissolve rapidly.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: sub- (下)
Root: lingu/o (舌)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 舌下的
3) Linguodental
Meaning: Pertaining to the tongue and teeth
Example: “Some consonants are formed by linguodental contact.”
Breakdown:
Root: lingu/o (舌)
Root: dent/o (牙)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 舌牙的
4) Linguogingival
Meaning: Relating to the tongue and gums
Example: “Linguogingival grooves can trap food particles.”
Breakdown:
Root: lingu/o (舌)
Root: gingiv/o (牙龈)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 舌龈的
Nephr/o
Meaning: Kidney
1) Nephritis
Meaning: Inflammation of the kidney
Example: “Glomerulonephritis is a specific type of nephritis.”
Breakdown:
Root: nephr/o (肾)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 肾炎
2) Nephrolithiasis
Meaning: Presence of kidney stones
Example: “Severe nephrolithiasis can cause hydronephrosis.”
Breakdown:
Root: nephr/o (肾)
Root: lith/o (石)
Suffix: -iasis (病)
Chinese Translation: 肾结石病
3) Nephropathy
Meaning: Any disease of the kidney
Example: “Diabetic nephropathy can lead to kidney failure.”
Breakdown:
Root: nephr/o (肾)
Suffix: -pathy (病)
Chinese Translation: 肾病
4) Nephrectomy
Meaning: Surgical removal of a kidney
Example: “A nephrectomy may be performed for a damaged or cancerous kidney.”
Breakdown:
Root: nephr/o (肾)
Suffix: -ectomy (切除术)
Chinese Translation: 肾切除术
Neur/o
Meaning: Nerve
1) Neurology
Meaning: The study of the nervous system
Example: “She consulted neurology for her migraines.”
Breakdown:
Root: neur/o (神经)
Suffix: -logy (学)
Chinese Translation: 神经学
2) Neuritis
Meaning: Inflammation of a nerve
Example: “Optic neuritis can cause sudden vision loss.”
Breakdown:
Root: neur/o (神经)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 神经炎
3) Neuropathy
Meaning: Disease or dysfunction of the nerves
Example: “Peripheral neuropathy often leads to numbness in the feet.”
Breakdown:
Root: neur/o (神经)
Suffix: -pathy (病)
Chinese Translation: 神经病变
4) Neurotransmitter
Meaning: A chemical that transmits nerve impulses
Example: “Dopamine is a well-known neurotransmitter.”
Breakdown:
Root: neur/o (神经)
Suffix: -transmitter (递质)
Chinese Translation: 神经递质
Odont/o
Meaning: Tooth
1) Odontalgia /ow·daan·tal·jee·uh/
Meaning: Tooth pain
Example: “She had odontalgia after chewing ice.”
Breakdown:
Root: odont/o (牙)
Suffix: -algia (痛)
Chinese Translation: 牙痛
2) Odontoblast
Meaning: A cell that produces dentin
Example: “Odontoblasts line the pulp cavity of a tooth.”
Breakdown:
Root: odont/o (牙)
Suffix: -blast (成形细胞)
Chinese Translation: 成牙本质细胞
3) Orthodontics
Meaning: The branch of dentistry dealing with straightening teeth
Example: “Braces are a common orthodontic treatment.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: orth/o (正)
Root: odont/o (牙)
Suffix: -ics (学)
Chinese Translation: 正畸学
4) Periodontitis
Meaning: Inflammation of the tissue around the teeth (gum disease)
Example: “Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss if untreated.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: peri- (周)
Root: odont/o (牙)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 牙周炎
Onc/o
Meaning: Tumor
1) Oncology
Meaning: Study and treatment of tumors (cancers)
Example: “He pursued oncology to help cancer patients.”
Breakdown:
Root: onc/o (肿瘤)
Suffix: -logy (学)
Chinese Translation: 肿瘤学
2) Oncologist
Meaning: A physician specializing in cancer treatment
Example: “The oncologist recommended chemotherapy.”
Breakdown:
Root: onc/o (肿瘤)
Suffix: -logist (专家)
Chinese Translation: 肿瘤科医生
3) Oncogene
Meaning: A gene that can transform a cell into a tumor cell
Example: “Mutations in certain oncogenes can lead to cancer.”
Breakdown:
Root: onc/o (肿瘤)
Suffix: -gene (基因)
Chinese Translation: 致癌基因
4) Oncogenesis
Meaning: The process of tumor formation
Example: “Carcinogens promote oncogenesis.”
Breakdown:
Root: onc/o (肿瘤)
Suffix: -genesis (形成)
Chinese Translation: 肿瘤发生
Ophthalm/o
Meaning: Eye
1) Ophthalmology
Meaning: The branch of medicine dealing with the eye and its diseases
Example: “She studied ophthalmology to become an eye surgeon.”
Breakdown:
Root: ophthalm/o (眼)
Suffix: -logy (学)
Chinese Translation: 眼科学
2) Ophthalmoscope
Meaning: Instrument used to examine the interior of the eye
Example: “An ophthalmoscope helps visualize the retina.”
Breakdown:
Root: ophthalm/o (眼)
Suffix: -scope (镜)
Chinese Translation: 检眼镜
3) Ophthalmoplegia
Meaning: Paralysis of the eye muscles
Example: “Diabetes can cause ophthalmoplegia by affecting cranial nerves.”
Breakdown:
Root: ophthalm/o (眼)
Suffix: -plegia (麻痹)
Chinese Translation: 眼肌麻痹
4) Ophthalmic
Meaning: Pertaining to the eye
Example: “Ophthalmic drops are used to treat eye infections.”
Breakdown:
Root: ophthalm/o (眼)
Suffix: -ic (的)
Chinese Translation: 眼的 / 眼科的
Or/o
Meaning: Mouth
1) Oral
Meaning: Pertaining to the mouth
Example: “Oral hygiene helps prevent cavities and gum disease.”
Breakdown:
Root: or/o (口腔)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 口腔的
2) Oronasal
Meaning: Pertaining to the mouth and nose
Breakdown:
Oro-: Root or/o (口)
nasal: Root nas/o (鼻) + -al (的)
Example: “An oronasal fistula can cause abnormal communication between mouth and nose.”
Chinese Translation: 口鼻的
3) Orofacial
Meaning: Pertaining to the mouth and face
Breakdown:
Oro-: Root or/o (口)
facial: Root faci/o (面) + -al (的)
Example: “Orofacial pain may be linked to TMJ dysfunction.”
Chinese Translation: 口面部的
4) Oropharynx
Meaning: The part of the pharynx behind the mouth
Breakdown:
Oro-: Root or/o (口)
pharynx: Root pharyng/o (咽)
Example: “A swab from the oropharynx is used for certain tests.”
Chinese Translation: 口咽
Oste/o
Meaning: Bone
1) Osteoarthritis
Meaning: Degenerative joint disease involving bone and cartilage
Example: “Osteoarthritis commonly affects knees and hips.”
Breakdown:
Root: oste/o (骨)
Root: arthr/o (关节)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 骨关节炎
2) Osteoporosis
Meaning: A condition of porous bones
Example: “Low bone density can lead to osteoporosis.”
Breakdown:
Root: oste/o (骨)
Suffix: -porosis (疏松)
Chinese Translation: 骨质疏松
3) Osteocyte
Meaning: A mature bone cell
Example: “Osteocytes maintain the mineral content of bone.”
Breakdown:
Root: oste/o (骨)
Suffix: -cyte (细胞)
Chinese Translation: 骨细胞
4) Osteotomy
Meaning: A surgical cut in bone
Example: “An osteotomy may be performed to correct bone deformities.”
Breakdown:
Root: oste/o (骨)
Suffix: -tomy (切开术)
Chinese Translation: 截骨术
Ot/o
Meaning: Ear
1) Otitis
Meaning: Inflammation of the ear
Example: “Otitis media is common in young children.”
Breakdown:
Root: ot/o (耳)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 耳炎
2) Otoscope
Meaning: Instrument used to examine the ear
Example: “An otoscope helps visualize the eardrum.”
Breakdown:
Root: ot/o (耳)
Suffix: -scope (镜)
Chinese Translation: 耳镜
3) Otology
Meaning: The study of the ear and its diseases
Example: “She chose otology to focus on hearing disorders.”
Breakdown:
Root: ot/o (耳)
Suffix: -logy (学)
Chinese Translation: 耳科学
4) Otoplasty
Meaning: Surgical repair or reshaping of the ear
Example: “Otoplasty can correct protruding ears.”
Breakdown:
Root: ot/o (耳)
Suffix: -plasty (成形术)
Chinese Translation: 耳成形术
Oxy/o
Meaning: Oxygen
1) Hypoxia
Meaning: Low oxygen in tissues
Example: “High altitudes can lead to hypoxia.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: hyp- (低)
Root: ox/y (氧)
Suffix: -ia (症)
Chinese Translation: 组织缺氧
2) Hyperoxia
Meaning: Excess oxygen in the tissues
Example: “Breathing pure oxygen for too long may cause hyperoxia.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: hyper- (高)
Root: ox/y (氧)
Suffix: -ia (症)
Chinese Translation: 高氧
3) Oximeter
Meaning: Device that measures oxygen saturation in blood
Example: “A pulse oximeter clips on the finger to read SpO₂.”
Breakdown:
Root: ox/y (氧)
Suffix: -meter (计)
Chinese Translation: 血氧计
4) Oxyhemoglobin
Meaning: Hemoglobin combined with oxygen
Example: “Oxyhemoglobin gives arterial blood its bright red color.”
Breakdown:
Root: oxy (氧)
Root: hem/o (血)
Suffix: -globin (蛋白)
Chinese Translation: 氧合 血红蛋白
Ped/o
Meaning: Child
1) Pediatric
Meaning: Relating to the medical care of children
Example: “She works in the pediatric department at the hospital.”
Breakdown:
Root: ped/o (child 儿童)
Suffix: -ic (pertaining to 的)
Chinese Translation: 儿科的
2) Pediatrics
Meaning: The branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases
Example: “He chose pediatrics as his specialty.”
Breakdown:
Root: ped/o (child 儿童)
Suffix: -iatrics (medical field 医学领域)
Chinese Translation: 儿科医学
3) Pediatrician
Meaning: A physician specializing in pediatrics (children’s health)
Example: “A pediatrician monitors a child’s growth and development.”
Breakdown:
Root: ped/o (child 儿童)
Suffix: -iatrician (practitioner 医生)
Chinese Translation: 儿科医生
4) Pedodontics
Meaning: A branch of dentistry dealing with children’s teeth
Example: “Pedodontics includes caring for baby teeth and dental development.”
Breakdown:
Root: ped/o (child 儿童)
Root: odont/o (tooth 牙)
Suffix: -ics (field of study 学)
Chinese Translation: 儿童牙科
Proct/o
Meaning: Rectum 直肠
1) Proctitis
Meaning: Inflammation of the rectum
Example: “Proctitis can cause rectal bleeding.”
Breakdown:
Root: proct/o (rectum 直肠)
Suffix: -itis (inflammation 炎)
Chinese Translation: 直肠炎
2) Proctology
Meaning: The branch of medicine dealing with the rectum and anus
Example: “He specializes in proctology to treat hemorrhoids.”
Breakdown:
Root: proct/o (rectum 直肠)
Suffix: -logy (study 学)
Chinese Translation: 直肠病学
3) Proctoscope
Meaning: An instrument for examining the rectum
Example: “A proctoscope is used to inspect for rectal lesions.”
Breakdown:
Root: proct/o (rectum 直肠)
Suffix: -scope (instrument 镜)
Chinese Translation: 直肠镜
4) Proctoplasty
Meaning: Surgical repair of the rectum
Example: “Severe rectal prolapse may require proctoplasty.”
Breakdown:
Root: proct/o (rectum 直肠)
Suffix: -plasty (repair 成形术)
Chinese Translation: 直肠成形术
Rect/o
Meaning: Rectum
1) Rectocele
Meaning: A herniation of the rectum into the vagina
Example: “A rectocele can cause difficulty in bowel movements.”
Breakdown:
Root: rect/o (rectum 直肠)
Suffix: -cele (hernia 膨出)
Chinese Translation: 直肠膨出
2) Rectitis
Meaning: Inflammation of the rectum (similar to proctitis)
Example: “Rectitis may present with rectal pain and bleeding.”
Breakdown:
Root: rect/o (rectum 直肠)
Suffix: -itis (inflammation 炎)
Chinese Translation: 直肠炎
3) Rectoscopy (or Rectoscopic Examination)
Meaning: Visual examination of the rectum
Example: “A rectoscopy can detect tumors or inflammation.”
Breakdown:
Root: rect/o (rectum 直肠)
Suffix: -scopy (examination 镜检)
Chinese Translation: 直肠镜检查
4) Rectal
Meaning: Pertaining to the rectum
Example: “Rectal suppositories are inserted for certain conditions.”
Breakdown:
Root: rect/o (rectum 直肠)
Suffix: -al (pertaining to 的)
Chinese Translation: 直肠的
Ren/o
Meaning: Kidney
1) Renal
Meaning: Pertaining to the kidney
Example: “Renal failure can lead to dialysis.”
Breakdown:
Root: ren/o (kidney 肾)
Suffix: -al (pertaining to 的)
Chinese Translation: 肾脏的
2) Renal Artery
Meaning: The artery supplying blood to the kidney
Example: “A blockage in the renal artery can reduce kidney function.”
Breakdown:
Renal: (see above)
Artery: 血管 (动脉)
Chinese Translation: 肾动脉
3) Renogram
Meaning: A radiographic record of kidney function (often using radioactive tracers)
Example: “A renogram can assess each kidney’s filtration capacity.”
Breakdown:
Root: ren/o (kidney 肾)
Suffix: -gram (record 图)
Chinese Translation: 肾图 / 肾显像
4) Renin
Meaning: An enzyme secreted by the kidneys that regulates blood pressure
Example: “Renin release is triggered when blood pressure is low.”
Breakdown:
Root: ren/o (kidney 肾)
Suffix: -in (substance 素)
Chinese Translation: 肾素
Rhin/o
Meaning: Nose
Rhinoplasty
Meaning: Surgical repair or reshaping of the nose
Example: “She had rhinoplasty to correct a deviated septum.”
Breakdown:
Root: rhin/o (nose 鼻)
Suffix: -plasty (成形术)
Chinese Translation: 鼻成形术
Rhinitis
Meaning: Inflammation of the nose (nasal membranes)
Example: “Allergic rhinitis often causes a runny nose and sneezing.”
Breakdown:
Root: rhin/o (鼻)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 鼻炎
Rhinorrhea
Meaning: Discharge or ‘runny’ nose
Example: “A common cold can lead to rhinorrhea.”
Breakdown:
Root: rhin/o (鼻)
Suffix: -rrhea (流)
Chinese Translation: 流鼻涕
Rhinology
Meaning: The study of the nose and its diseases
Example: “Rhinology deals with sinusitis and nasal polyps.”
Breakdown:
Root: rhin/o (鼻)
Suffix: -logy (学)
Chinese Translation: 鼻科学
Thromb/o
Meaning: Clot
Thrombosis
Meaning: Formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel
Example: “Deep vein thrombosis can occur in the legs after long flights.”
Breakdown:
Root: thromb/o (clot 血栓)
Suffix: -osis (condition 病)
Chinese Translation: 血栓形成
Thrombolysis
Meaning: Breakdown or dissolution of a clot
Example: “Thrombolysis can help treat strokes caused by clots.”
Breakdown:
Root: thromb/o (血栓)
Suffix: -lysis (溶解)
Chinese Translation: 血栓溶解
Thrombectomy
Meaning: Surgical removal of a clot
Example: “A thrombectomy may be performed in acute limb ischemia.”
Breakdown:
Root: thromb/o (血栓)
Suffix: -ectomy (切除术)
Chinese Translation: 血栓切除术
Thrombocyte
Meaning: Another name for a platelet, a blood cell involved in clotting
Example: “Thrombocytes help maintain hemostasis.”
Breakdown:
Root: thromb/o (血栓)
Suffix: -cyte (细胞)
Chinese Translation: 血小板
Trache/o
Meaning: Trachea (windpipe) 气管
Tracheotomy
Meaning: Surgical incision into the trachea
Example: “An emergency tracheotomy can relieve airway obstruction.”
Breakdown:
Root: trache/o (trachea 气管)
Suffix: -tomy (切开术)
Chinese Translation: 气管切開術 (气管切开术)
Tracheostomy
Meaning: Creation of an artificial opening into the trachea
Example: “A tracheostomy tube helps patients breathe.”
Breakdown:
Root: trache/o (气管)
Suffix: -stomy (造口术)
Chinese Translation: 气管造口術 (气管造口术)
Tracheitis
Meaning: Inflammation of the trachea
Example: “Bacterial tracheitis can cause severe coughing.”
Breakdown:
Root: trache/o (气管)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 气管炎 (气管炎)
Tracheoscopy
Meaning: Examination of the interior of the trachea using a scope
Example: “Tracheoscopy may help locate foreign bodies.”
Breakdown:
Root: trache/o (气管)
Suffix: -scopy (镜检)
Chinese Translation: 氣管镜检查 (气管镜检查)
Ur/o
Meaning: Urinary tract
Urology
Meaning: The study of the urinary tract (and male genitourinary system)
Example: “He specializes in urology, treating kidney stones and prostate issues.”
Breakdown:
Root: ur/o (urinary tract 泌尿道)
Suffix: -logy (学)
Chinese Translation: 泌尿学
Urosepsis
Meaning: Sepsis (blood infection) that originates from the urinary tract
Example: “Untreated UTIs can lead to urosepsis.”
Breakdown:
Root: ur/o (泌尿道)
Suffix: -sepsis (败血症/感染)
Chinese Translation: 尿源性败血症
Urolithiasis
Meaning: The formation of stones in the urinary tract
Example: “Urolithiasis can cause flank pain and hematuria.”
Breakdown:
Root: ur/o (泌尿道)
Root: lith/o (石)
Suffix: -iasis (病)
Chinese Translation: 泌尿结石病
Urogram
Meaning: An imaging record of the urinary tract (e.g., IV urogram)
Example: “An intravenous urogram can show kidney function.”
Breakdown:
Root: ur/o (泌尿道)
Suffix: -gram (图像/记录)
Chinese Translation: 泌尿道造影片
Urethr/o
Meaning: Urethra
Urethritis
Meaning: Inflammation of the urethra
Example: “Urethritis can cause painful urination.”
Breakdown:
Root: urethr/o (urethra 尿道)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 尿道炎
Urethroscope
Meaning: Instrument for examining the urethra
Example: “A urethroscope can help identify strictures.”
Breakdown:
Root: urethr/o (尿道)
Suffix: -scope (镜)
Chinese Translation: 尿道镜
Urethroplasty
Meaning: Surgical repair of the urethra
Example: “Urethroplasty may correct a urethral stricture.”
Breakdown:
Root: urethr/o (尿道)
Suffix: -plasty (成形术)
Chinese Translation: 尿道成形术
Urethral
Meaning: Pertaining to the urethra
Example: “Urethral catheterization involves placing a tube in the urethra.”
Breakdown:
Root: urethr/o (尿道)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 尿道的
Vas/o
Meaning: Vessel (often blood vessel)
Vasoconstriction
Meaning: Narrowing of a blood vessel
Example: “Cold temperatures cause vasoconstriction.”
Breakdown:
Root: vas/o (vessel 血管)
Prefix: con- (together 聚)
Suffix: -striction (tightening 收缩)
Chinese Translation: 血管收缩
Vasodilation
Meaning: Widening of a blood vessel
Example: “Certain drugs cause vasodilation to lower blood pressure.”
Breakdown:
Root: vas/o (血管)
Prefix: di- (apart 扩)
Suffix: -lation (act 作用)
Chinese Translation: 血管扩张
Vasectomy
Meaning: Surgical removal or cutting of the vas deferens (male sterilization)
Example: “He opted for a vasectomy as a permanent birth control method.”
Breakdown:
Root: vas/o (vessel, here vas deferens 输精管)
Suffix: -ectomy (切除术)
Chinese Translation: 输精管切除术
Vasospasm
Meaning: Sudden constriction of a blood vessel
Example: “A vasospasm in the coronary artery can mimic a heart attack.”
Breakdown:
Root: vas/o (血管)
Suffix: -spasm (痉挛)
Chinese Translation: 血管痉挛
Blast/o
Meaning: Primitive (immature) cell
Blastocyte
Meaning: An immature cell (sometimes used to describe an early embryonic cell)
Example: “A blastocyte can differentiate into specialized cells.”
Breakdown:
Root: blast/o (primitive cell 胚细胞)
Suffix: -cyte (细胞)
Chinese Translation: 胚细胞
Erythroblast
Meaning: An immature red blood cell
Example: “Erythroblasts are found in the bone marrow.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: erythr/o (red 红)
Root: blast (胚细胞)
Chinese Translation: 成红细胞
Blastoma
Meaning: A tumor composed of immature cells
Example: “Nephroblastoma is a childhood kidney tumor.”
Breakdown:
Root: blast/o (胚细胞)
Suffix: -oma (瘤)
Chinese Translation: 成母细胞瘤
Myeloblast
Meaning: An immature bone marrow cell (precursor of granulocytes)
Example: “In acute myelogenous leukemia, myeloblasts proliferate uncontrollably.”
Breakdown:
Root: myel/o (marrow 骨髓)
Root: blast (胚细胞)
Chinese Translation: 成髓细胞
Anter/o
Meaning: Front
Anterior
Meaning: Located toward the front of the body
Example: “The kneecap is on the anterior side of the leg.”
Breakdown:
Root: anter/o (front 前)
Suffix: -ior (pertaining to 的)
Chinese Translation: 前面的
Anterolateral
Meaning: In front and to the side
Example: “He felt pain in the anterolateral aspect of the thigh.”
Breakdown:
Root: anter/o (前)
Root: later/o (侧)
Chinese Translation: 前外侧的
Anteroposterior (AP)
Meaning: From front to back (direction of an X-ray beam, for instance)
Example: “An AP chest X-ray is commonly performed.”
Breakdown:
Root: anter/o (前)
Root: poster/o (后)
Chinese Translation: 前后方向的
Anteroinferior
Meaning: In front and below
Example: “An anteroinferior shoulder dislocation is relatively uncommon.”
Breakdown:
Root: anter/o (前)
Root: infer/o (下)
Chinese Translation: 前下方的
Cephal/o
Meaning: Head
Cephalic
Meaning: Pertaining to the head
Example: “In a cephalic presentation, the baby’s head is down.”
Breakdown:
Root: cephal/o (head 头)
Suffix: -ic (的)
Chinese Translation: 头部的
Encephalopathy
Meaning: Disease of the brain (in the head)
Example: “Hepatic encephalopathy occurs with liver failure.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: en- (within 内)
Root: cephal/o (head 头/脑)
Suffix: -pathy (病)
Chinese Translation: 脑病 / 头部病变
Microcephaly
Meaning: Abnormally small head
Example: “Microcephaly can be caused by congenital infections.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: micro- (small 小)
Root: cephal/o (头)
Suffix: -y (condition 症)
Chinese Translation: 小头畸形
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Meaning: A recording of the brain’s electrical activity (in the head)
Example: “An EEG can help diagnose epilepsy.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: electr/o (electricity 电)
Root: encephal/o (brain/head 脑)
Suffix: -gram (图)
Chinese Translation: 脑电图
Cervic/o
Meaning: Neck
Cervical
Meaning: Pertaining to the neck (can also refer to the cervix in females)
Example: “She wore a cervical collar after her neck injury.”
Breakdown:
Root: cervic/o (neck 颈)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 颈部的
Cervicitis
Meaning: Inflammation of the cervix (neck of the uterus)
Example: “Cervicitis often presents with unusual discharge.”
Breakdown:
Root: cervic/o (can be neck or cervix 颈/宫颈)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 宫颈炎
Cervicospinal
Meaning: Pertaining to the cervical (neck) region of the spine
Example: “An MRI was done to evaluate the cervicospinal junction.”
Breakdown:
Root: cervic/o (颈)
Root: spin/o (脊柱)
Chinese Translation: 颈椎的
Cervicofacial
Meaning: Pertaining to the neck and face
Example: “Cervicofacial actinomycosis can cause swelling in the jaw area.”
Breakdown:
Root: cervic/o (颈)
Root: faci/o (面)
Chinese Translation: 颈面部的
Chondr/o
Meaning: Cartilage
Chondritis
Meaning: Inflammation of cartilage
Example: “Costochondritis causes chest wall pain.”
Breakdown:
Root: chondr/o (cartilage 软骨)
Suffix: -itis (炎)
Chinese Translation: 软骨炎
Chondroma
Meaning: A benign tumor of cartilage
Example: “An enchondroma is a type of chondroma that occurs in the bone marrow.”
Breakdown:
Root: chondr/o (软骨)
Suffix: -oma (瘤)
Chinese Translation: 软骨瘤
Chondrocyte
Meaning: A cartilage cell
Example: “Chondrocytes produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix.”
Breakdown:
Root: chondr/o (软骨)
Suffix: -cyte (细胞)
Chinese Translation: 软骨细胞
Chondrectomy
Meaning: Surgical removal of cartilage
Example: “Chondrectomy might be required if cartilage is severely damaged.”
Breakdown:
Root: chondr/o (软骨)
Suffix: -ectomy (切除术)
Chinese Translation: 软骨切除术
Crani/o
Meaning: Skull
Cranial
Meaning: Pertaining to the skull
Example: “Cranial nerves originate in the brainstem.”
Breakdown:
Root: crani/o (skull 颅骨)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 颅的
Craniotomy
Meaning: Surgical incision into the skull
Example: “A craniotomy is performed to access the brain.”
Breakdown:
Root: crani/o (颅骨)
Suffix: -tomy (切开术)
Chinese Translation: 开颅术
Cranioplasty
Meaning: Surgical repair of the skull
Example: “Cranioplasty may involve placing a plate over a skull defect.”
Breakdown:
Root: crani/o (颅骨)
Suffix: -plasty (成形术)
Chinese Translation: 颅骨成形术
Craniocervical
Meaning: Pertaining to the skull and neck
Example: “The craniocervical junction is crucial for head movement.”
Breakdown:
Root: crani/o (颅骨)
Root: cervic/o (颈)
Chinese Translation: 颅颈的
Cyt/o
Meaning: Cell
Cytology
Meaning: The study of cells
Example: “A Pap smear is a common cytology test.”
Breakdown:
Root: cyt/o (cell 细胞)
Suffix: -logy (学)
Chinese Translation: 细胞学
Cytokine
Meaning: A category of small proteins important in cell signaling
Example: “Cytokines mediate immune responses.”
Breakdown:
Root: cyt/o (细胞)
Suffix: -kine (movement or activator 动素)
Chinese Translation: 细胞因子
Cytotoxic
Meaning: Toxic to cells
Example: “Chemotherapy drugs are often cytotoxic to cancer cells.”
Breakdown:
Root: cyt/o (细胞)
Suffix: -toxic (毒性)
Chinese Translation: 细胞毒性
Cytopenia
Meaning: A deficiency of cells (e.g., blood cells)
Example: “Leukopenia is a type of cytopenia involving low white blood cells.”
Breakdown:
Root: cyt/o (细胞)
Suffix: -penia (减少)
Chinese Translation: 细胞减少
Dors/o
Meaning: Back (of body)
Dorsal
Meaning: Pertaining to the back
Example: “A dorsal fin on a fish is on its upper back side.”
Breakdown:
Root: dors/o (back 背部)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 背侧的
Dorsalgia
Meaning: Pain in the back
Example: “Dorsalgia can range from mild to severe.”
Breakdown:
Root: dors/o (背部)
Suffix: -algia (痛)
Chinese Translation: 背痛
Dorsolateral
Meaning: Relating to the back and the side
Example: “The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functions.”
Breakdown:
Root: dors/o (背部)
Root: later/o (侧)
Chinese Translation: 背外侧的
Dorsiflexion
Meaning: Bending backward (e.g., upward movement of the foot at the ankle)
Example: “Ankle dorsiflexion is crucial for normal gait.”
Breakdown:
Root: dors/o (背)
Suffix: -flexion (弯曲)
Chinese Translation: 背屈
Epithele/o (often epitheli/o)
Meaning: Epithelium (tissue covering surfaces)
Epithelial
Meaning: Pertaining to the epithelium
Example: “Epithelial cells line the mouth and respiratory tract.”
Breakdown:
Root: epithele/o (epithelium 上皮)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 上皮的
Epithelioma
Meaning: A tumor derived from epithelial tissue
Example: “Basal cell carcinoma is one type of epithelioma.”
Breakdown:
Root: epitheli/o (上皮)
Suffix: -oma (瘤)
Chinese Translation: 上皮瘤
Epitheliocyte
Meaning: An epithelial cell
Example: “Epitheliocytes form protective layers in the body.”
Breakdown:
Root: epitheli/o (上皮)
Suffix: -cyte (细胞)
Chinese Translation: 上皮细胞
Epithelization
Meaning: The process of becoming covered with or forming epithelial tissue
Example: “Proper wound care promotes epithelization and healing.”
Breakdown:
Root: epitheli/o (上皮)
Suffix: -ization (过程)
Chinese Translation: 上皮化
Later/o
Meaning: Side
Lateral
Meaning: Pertaining to the side
Example: “The ears are lateral to the nose.”
Breakdown:
Root: later/o (side 侧)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 侧面的
Bilateral
Meaning: Having two sides
Example: “He has bilateral knee pain.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: bi- (two 双)
Root: later/o (侧)
Chinese Translation: 双侧的
Ipsilateral
Meaning: On the same side
Example: “The patient showed ipsilateral arm and leg weakness.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: ipsi- (same 同)
Root: later/o (侧)
Chinese Translation: 同侧的
Contralateral
Meaning: On the opposite side
Example: “A stroke in the left brain often affects the contralateral (right) side.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: contra- (opposite 对)
Root: later/o (侧)
Chinese Translation: 对侧的
Lumb/o
Meaning: Lower back (loin)
Lumbar
Meaning: Pertaining to the lower back
Example: “He strained his lumbar muscles lifting a heavy box.”
Breakdown:
Root: lumb/o (lower back 腰部)
Suffix: -ar (的)
Chinese Translation: 腰部的
Lumbosacral
Meaning: Relating to the lumbar region and the sacrum
Example: “The lumbosacral joint is prone to disc herniation.”
Breakdown:
Root: lumb/o (腰部)
Root: sacr/o (骶骨)
Chinese Translation: 腰骶部的
Lumbago
Meaning: Lower back pain
Example: “He missed work due to severe lumbago.”
Breakdown:
Root: lumb/o (腰)
Suffix: -ago (condition 症)
Chinese Translation: 腰痛
Lumbarization
Meaning: A congenital anomaly in which the first sacral vertebra is not fused, appearing as an extra lumbar vertebra
Example: “Lumbarization can be seen on an X-ray of the spine.”
Breakdown:
Root: lumb/o (腰)
Suffix: -ization (过程)
Chinese Translation: 腰椎化
Poster/o
Meaning: Back (behind)
Posterior
Meaning: Located toward the back
Example: “The shoulder blades are on the posterior side of the body.”
Breakdown:
Root: poster/o (后)
Suffix: -ior (的)
Chinese Translation: 后面的
Posteroanterior (PA)
Meaning: From back to front (direction of an X-ray beam, for instance)
Example: “A PA chest X-ray is standard in clinics.”
Breakdown:
Root: poster/o (后)
Root: anter/o (前)
Chinese Translation: 后前方向的
Posterolateral
Meaning: Behind and to the side
Example: “A posterolateral corner injury is a type of knee injury.”
Breakdown:
Root: poster/o (后)
Root: later/o (侧)
Chinese Translation: 后外侧的
Posteroinferior
Meaning: Behind and below
Example: “The posteroinferior part of the lung can be auscultated in the back.”
Breakdown:
Root: poster/o (后)
Root: infer/o (下)
Chinese Translation: 后下方的
Proxim/o
Meaning: Near
Proximal
Meaning: Situated closer to the center of the body or the point of attachment
Example: “The elbow is proximal to the wrist.”
Breakdown:
Root: proxim/o (near 近)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 近端的
Proximodistal
Meaning: From near to far; often used in describing limb development
Example: “The baby’s motor skills develop in a proximodistal pattern.”
Breakdown:
Root: proxim/o (近)
Root: dist/o (远)
Chinese Translation: 近远端的
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Meaning: The portion of the nephron closest to the Bowman’s capsule
Example: “The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs glucose and amino acids.”
Breakdown:
Proximal: (near 近)
Convoluted: (coiled 曲)
Tubule: (small tube 小管)
Chinese Translation: 近曲小管
Proximally
Meaning: Toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin
Example: “The fracture is located proximally on the femur.”
Breakdown:
Root: proxim/o (近)
Suffix: -ly (adverbial ending 地)
Chinese Translation: 靠近身体中央地
Spin/o
Meaning: Spine, backbone
Spinal
Meaning: Pertaining to the spine
Example: “She had a spinal injury from a car accident.”
Breakdown:
Root: spin/o (spine 脊柱)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 脊柱的
Spinocerebellar
Meaning: Pertaining to the spine and cerebellum
Example: “Spinocerebellar ataxias affect coordination.”
Breakdown:
Root: spin/o (脊柱)
Root: cerebell/o (小脑)
Chinese Translation: 脊柱小脑的
Spinous Process
Meaning: The bony projection off the posterior of each vertebra
Example: “You can feel the spinous processes when you run your hand down your back.”
Breakdown:
Spinous: from spin/o (脊柱) + -ous (形容词后缀 的)
Process: (突起)
Chinese Translation: 棘突
Spinal Stenosis
Meaning: Narrowing of the spinal canal
Example: “Spinal stenosis can compress the spinal cord or nerves.”
Breakdown:
Spinal: (脊柱的)
Stenosis: (狭窄)
Chinese Translation: 脊柱管狭窄
Thorax/o
Meaning: Chest (commonly thorac/o)
Thoracotomy /thaw·ruh·kaa·tuh·mee/
Meaning: Surgical incision into the chest wall
Example: “A thoracotomy may be required to access the lungs or heart.”
Breakdown:
Root: thorax/o (chest 胸)
Suffix: -tomy (切开术)
Chinese Translation: 开胸术
Thoracostomy
Meaning: Creation of an opening in the chest (e.g., chest tube insertion)
Example: “A chest tube thoracostomy drains air or fluid.”
Breakdown:
Root: thorax/o (胸)
Suffix: -stomy (造口术)
Chinese Translation: 胸腔造口术
Thoracalgia /thaw·ruh·kal·juh/
Meaning: Chest pain
Example: “Thoracalgia could be due to muscle strain or cardiac issues.”
Breakdown:
Root: thorax/o (胸)
Suffix: -algia (痛)
Chinese Translation: 胸痛
Thoracoscopy
Meaning: Examination of the chest cavity using a scope
Example: “A thoracoscopy can help diagnose pleural diseases.”
Breakdown:
Root: thorax/o (胸)
Suffix: -scopy (镜检)
Chinese Translation: 胸腔镜检查
Umbilic/o
Meaning: Navel (belly button)
Umbilical
Meaning: Pertaining to the navel
Example: “An umbilical hernia can appear near the belly button.”
Breakdown:
Root: umbilic/o (navel 脐)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 脐部的
Umbilicus
Meaning: The medical term for the navel itself
Example: “The umbilicus is the scar where the umbilical cord was attached.”
Breakdown:
Root: umbilic/o (脐)
Noun form: “Umbilicus” (拉丁名词)
Chinese Translation: 脐
Umbilical Hernia
Meaning: A protrusion of abdominal contents through the navel area
Example: “Umbilical hernias are common in infants.”
Breakdown:
Umbilical: (脐的)
Hernia: (疝)
Chinese Translation: 脐疝
疝气/shànqì/
Umbilical Cord
Meaning: The cord connecting the fetus to the placenta
Example: “The umbilical cord supplies nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.”
Breakdown:
Umbilical: (脐的)
Cord: (带)
Chinese Translation: 脐带
Ventr/o
Meaning: Belly (front side of the body)
Ventral
Meaning: Pertaining to the front or belly side
Example: “The navel is on the ventral side of the body.”
Breakdown:
Root: ventr/o (belly 腹/前)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 腹侧的
Ventrogluteal
Meaning: Relating to the ventral (front) part of the gluteal region
Example: “The ventrogluteal site is preferred for intramuscular injections.”
Breakdown:
Root: ventr/o (前/腹)
Root: glute/o (臀)
Chinese Translation: 腹臀部的
Ventrodorsal
Meaning: From the belly side to the back side
Example: “A ventrodorsal X-ray is taken with the animal lying on its belly.”
Breakdown:
Root: ventr/o (腹面)
Root: dors/o (背面)
Chinese Translation: 腹背方向的
Ventral Hernia
Meaning: A hernia occurring in the abdominal wall (front side)
Example: “A ventral hernia may develop at the site of a previous surgical incision.”
Breakdown:
Ventral: (腹侧/前面的)
Hernia: (疝)
Chinese Translation: 腹侧疝
Viscer/o
Meaning: Internal organ
Visceral
Meaning: Pertaining to the internal organs
Example: “Visceral fat surrounds organs in the abdomen.”
Breakdown:
Root: viscer/o (internal organ 内脏)
Suffix: -al (的)
Chinese Translation: 内脏的
Visceromegaly
Meaning: Enlargement of the internal organs
Example: “In acromegaly, there can be visceromegaly of the heart and liver.”
Breakdown:
Root: viscer/o (内脏)
Suffix: -megaly (肿大)
Chinese Translation: 内脏肿大
Evisceration
Meaning: Removal or protrusion of internal organs (e.g., from a wound)
Example: “An abdominal stab wound can cause evisceration of the intestines.”
Breakdown:
Prefix: e- (out 外)
Root: viscer/o (内脏)
Suffix: -ation (过程)
Chinese Translation: 内脏脱出 / 内脏外翻
Visceropleural
Meaning: Relating to the internal organs and the pleura (lining of the lungs)
Example: “A visceropleural membrane covers the lung surfaces.”
Breakdown:
Root: viscer/o (内脏)
Root: pleur/o (胸膜)
Chinese Translation: 内脏胸膜的
