childhood social development

6.2

Ainsworth

Observed what she called the strange-situation behavior to investigate forms of attachment bonds between one-year olds and mothers

Lorenz

studied goslings (baby geese) to study attachment as important to humans and other species
developed imprinting

Harlow

studied attachment with monkeys. What attachment based on provided food (breastfeeding) or contact comfort - physical comfort provided by caregiver

Baumrind

created the parenting styles

temperament

 a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display (8 months)

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period

critical period

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

secure attachment

classified by children who show some distress when their caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves knowing that their caregiver will return

insecurely attached

child is unable to be comforted or is violent or distant upon return, may be insecurely attached

avoidant attachment

is formed in babies and children when parents or caregivers are largely emotionally unavailable or unresponsive most of the time
will have trouble trusting people in the future

anxious attachment

may have a hard time feeling secure in relationships. As young children, they may cling to caregivers or become inconsolable when a caregiver leaves

authoritarian

characterized by high demandingness with low responsiveness
rigid, harsh, & demanding
children become obedient and proficient, but they rank lower in happiness, social competence, and self-esteem

permissive

characterized by low demandingness with high responsiveness
children will rank low in happiness and self-regulation and are more likely to experience problems with authority and tend to perform poorly in school

authoritative

characterized by high demandingness with huge responsiveness
children become happy, capable, and successful

neglecting

characterized by low demand and low responsiveness
children will tend to lack self-control, have low self-esteem, and are less competent than their peers