Quiz 2 adolescents development

gender intensification hypothesis

differences in behavior and attitudes/ beliefs about gender increase with age ( intensity is greater for girls)

Differential Gender Socilaization

- boys and girls are socialized according to different expectations
- Most often results from how parents and teachers were socialized
- begins as early as in-uteuro

cognitive developmental theory of gender

- age 3 gender role identity (know gender label put don't know permanency)
- age 4-5 gender stereotypical related play, gender self socialization (seeking out ingo that matches gender)
- age 6-10 gender role flexibility
age 12-16 gender role rigidity (more capable to reflect on these issues so they become more concerned with compliance to gender norms for themselves and others.

gender schema theory

Everyone has perceptions, beliefs, and behavior about gender that exists to organize our world which then impacts how we interpret other people's behavior and our own behavior and conformity to gender roles

conception of girls in the mid 20th century

- occupational roles: teachers, nurses, seamstress
- cultural perceptions: fragile and innocent
- sexuality: must be a virgin till married
- physical appearance: Don't show skin, focus on breast size

Conception of boys 17th-18th century

communal manhood: preparing to assume adult tole responsiblities

conception of boys 19th century

self-made manhood: expected to become independent from their families

conception of boys 20th century

Passionate manhood: emotions such as anger and sexual desire self-expression and self-enjoyment are favorable

parents role in gender socialization

dress, play, monitor/restrict

peers role in gender socialization

punish, ostracize

schools role in gender socialization

teacher assumption, selection of career choices teacher's traditional messages concerning gender

teen magazines' role in gender socialization

- physical appearance = most important
- also intense focus on how to be appealing to boys
- boy magazines are not clearly gender focused

trans teens

- 150,000 youth age 13-17 identify as trans in the US
- 2% of high school students identify as trans
- 27% feel unsafe at school or going to school

The importance of friendships

- a profound influence on identity development
- increase in time spent with friends
- activities center around friends
- friends assume a variety of functions
- serve as a major source of emotional support

best friends

- at least 2
- involved in mutual activities typically
- most numerous in early adolescence
- frequent contact

cliques

best friends, close friends, good friends

crowds

collection of adolescents sharing common interests

stages in friendship development

1.) Beginning- mutual attraction interests "honeymoon phase"
2.) Middle- an evolution of the friendship
3.) END - termination of the friendship *most likely to occur in early adolescence *

Most likely to make friends off of...

- Demographic similarities; race, social class, and gender
- behavioral similarities: school related attitudes, deviant behavior

those we have friends ...

- are more socially competent
- have fewer psychological problems

no friends

- increase in antisocial behavior
- more likely to drop out of school
- more likely to be depressed

not supportive friends results in

- depression, school problems and lower self-esteem

supportive friends results in

popularity, high achievement motivation

bullying

1.) aggression (physical or verbal)
2.) Repetition ( patterns over time)
3.) Power imbalance ( e.g. the bully has higher peer status than the victim

- Medical degrees
- Law Degrees Women
- Business Women

- Women-46, 878 (50.5%) Men-45, 855
- Women-55, 766; Men 55, 059
- earn 47% of business degrees

women make _________ to every dollar men make

- Asian .90
- Native American.57
- Black .62
- White.79

In Haiti ___ of girls do not go to secondary shcool

16%

Who spends less time with their family? (early or late)

those who are in late adolescents

Changes in Family Interactions

- Warmth to Negative
- Less affectionate
- See parents as non-supportive
- Positive feelings return
- Usually short-lived but it depends on mental health and parenting

Changes in Conflict with Parents

- Conflicts increase with autonomy
- Conflicts are not about big issues
- Conflicts vary somewhat across cultures (not as much conflict in places like japan or Korea)
- Temperament influences conflict resolution

Attempts to Resolve Conflict (adults)

- conventional: reference to behavior standards arbitrarily arrived at by family members
- pragmatic; consideration of practical needs or consequences
- Authoritarian

attempts to resolve conflict (adolescents)

- conventional: reference to standards of behavior shared by peers
- pragmatic: consideration of practical needs or consequences
- personal: portraying the issue as one of the maintaining personal jurisdiction in an area

adolescent outcomes authortative

- creative
- self-assured
- independent
- socially skilled

adolescent outcomes authoritarian

- dependent
- passive
- conforming

adolescent outcomes permissive

- conforming
- immature
- irresponsible

adolescent outcomes disengaged

- impulsive
- delinquent
- early sex and drug use

adolescents prefer to talk to who about hopes/plans for the future

peers and parents are tied