Chapter 3: Digestion & Metabolism - Basal Metabolism Energy

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts in digestion, cellular energy metabolism, metabolic pathways, and nutrient utilization from the Chapter 3 lecture transcript.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body's cells that generate energy from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats both anaerobically and aerobically.

Plasma Membrane

The outer structure of a cell that holds in the cell contents.

Cytosol

The fluid portion of the cell that is involved in anaerobic metabolism.

Mitochondrion

An organelle known as the powerhouse of the cell that plays a key role in aerobic energy production.

Ribosomes

Cell organelles that help manufacture proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle inside the cell that produces lipids.

Liver

The most metabolically active organ in the body, serving as the first organ to metabolize, store, and distribute nutrients after absorption.

Metabolic Pathway

A sequence of reactions that convert compounds from one form to another in the production of energy.

Anabolic Reactions

Chemical reactions that use ATP to combine smaller molecules into larger compounds, such as glucose into glycogen, releasing small amounts of heat.

Catabolic Reactions

Chemical reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller compounds, releasing energy in the form of ATP and heat.

Enzymes

Proteins that allow chemical reactions of metabolism to occur at rates sufficient to maintain normal body function.

Coenzymes

Helper compounds that assist enzymes during metabolic reactions.

Hormones

Chemical regulators that govern anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The only source of energy used directly by the cell, storing energy within the bonds connecting its phosphate groups.

Anaerobic Metabolism

An energy production pathway that produces more ATP per minute but is limited to $1\text{--}1.5\text{ minutes}$ of maximal activity during high-intensity, short-duration tasks.

Aerobic Metabolism

An energy production pathway that produces less ATP per minute but can produce ATP indefinitely for low-intensity, long-duration activities.

Glycolysis

A ten-step catabolic process in the cytosol that breaks down one six-carbon glucose molecule into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules and two ATP.

Lipolysis

The enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol occurring in adipose tissue.

Glucogenic

Refers to compounds, such as glycerol or certain amino acids, that can be transformed into glucose.

Ketogenic

Refers to compounds, such as fatty acids, that can be transformed into ketone bodies.

Gluconeogenesis

The metabolic process in the liver that converts non-carbohydrate sources like glycerol into glucose.

Deamination

The removal of the amine group from an amino acid before it can be used for energy production, converted to glucose, or stored as fat.

Ketoacidosis

A condition caused by the buildup of excess ketones in the blood, often seen in type 1 diabetics or during long-term hunger, which can lead to impaired heart activity, coma, and death.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)

The primary and most efficient enzyme system in the liver that converts ethanol to acetaldehyde.

MEOS (Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System)

An enzyme system in the liver used to metabolize alcohol when intake is high, and also involved in metabolizing drugs.