Chapter 23 - Industrial Revolution

Entrepreneur

A person who finds new business opportunities and new ways to make profits.

Cottage industry

Method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes. This is the beginning of the Industrial Revolution as people specialized.

Puddling

Process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high-quality iron. Helped the Industrial Revolution expand by allowing bigger factories, bigger machines, and bigger products to be produced.

Industrial capitalism

An economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing and the consumption of those goods.

Socialism

System in which society, usually in the form of government, owns and controls the means of production. New, would continue to grow in popularity with the common people as a response to the terrible living and working conditions brought by the Industrial Revolution.

Britain

Origin of the Industrial Revolution; established/first to meet the necessary characteristics.

Characteristics for Industrial Revolution to begin

Agricultural revolution, population growth, capital, natural resources, and markets

Agricultural revolution

Improved agricultural practices, expansion of farmland, good weather, improved transportation, and new crops increased the food supply.

Lowered costs so even ordinary British families could buy manufactured goods.

Population growth

Parliament passed laws restricting use of land. Many peasants moved to towns creating a labor supply for factories.

Capital

Economic growth led to money being available to invest in new machines and factories. Entrepreneurs seized on this for new business opportunities.

Natural Resources

Need resources and raw materials for the factories to produce finished goods. Resources also provide the energy and some infrastructure to help the factories run and with shipping. Britain example; rivers provided water to power new factories and transport materials and finished products. Also had supplies of coal and iron ore.

Markets

Provided manufacturers an outlet for their goods. Britain had a vast colonial empire to draw resources from and ship finished products to. Domestic markets increased too with the increasing population and decreasing food cost.

Cotton/Textiles

Original good/focus of Britain's Industrial Revolution

Factory Labor System

Expansion of the work day and implementation of round the clock shifts. Wanted consistent high production. Harsh penalties implemented to force compliance. Fines, dismissal, physical punishment child and adult workers.

Railroads

Indicator for success of Industrialized nations. Came to be dominant means to transport resources and finished products.

Social impact

Population growth and urbanization lead to the migration of people to the cities. Terrible living conditions and terrible working conditions.

New social classes.

Emergence of industrial middle class who built and ran the factories, and the industrial working class who worked in factories. Industrial working class suffered with terrible living and working conditions.

Watt

Invents the steam engine which could drive machinery. Steam engines powered by coal meant that the factories and machines no longer needed to be located by rivers and could be spread throughout Britain.

Cartwright

Invents the water-powered loom correct the imbalance and increased the speed of weaving. The use of water led to factories being positioned near streams and rivers, resulting in workers now moving to the factories.

Hargreaves

Invents the spinning jenny which makes the spinning process faster. Were able to produce thread faster than weavers could use it.

Trevithick

Invents the first steam locomotive to transport resources and goods

Universal male suffrage

The right of all males to vote in elections. Major goal of many liberalism movements where workers wanted a voice in government to improve terrible living and working conditions.

Liberalism

Political movement resulting from the changes of the Industrial Revolution; people are drawn to the idea of the philosophes and natural rights. They believed government should take an active role in representing and helping the people.

Nationalism

Political movement resulting from the changes of the Industrial Revolution; people are drawn to the idea of pride in one's own country and ethnicity, the desire for sovereignty or self-rule by a government of their own people in a nation for their own people.

Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

Largely failed to bring about change and government that would help the people. Three major struggles included the forces of conservatism already controlled the military, wealth, and courts, liberalism and nationalism movements were disorganized, and liberalism and nationalism movements failed to live up to their beliefs.

Conservatism

Political movement resulting from the Congress of Vienna and the fall of Napoleon's Empire. Popular as the opposition to new political movements that resulted during the Industrial Revolution. Made up of those in power with the goal of keeping power. Desired to maintain the old older/old monarchies of Europe, and old boundaries of Europe. Operated against the movements for liberalism and nationalism.

Impact of revolutions of 1830 and 1848

Signaled that the movements of liberalism and nationalism were not going to die out

Concert of Europe

Period of peace in which European powers met to prevent revolutions. Rare period of in which nations in Europe were not in conflict with one another. Begins with the Congress of Vienna to rebuild Europe after Napoleon's empire, concludes with the Crimean War and the return of the European powers to working for themselves.

Militarism

The reliance on military strength and having a large well equipped army. Prussia, the largest German state will use this as a profile to dominate central Europe and form a unified Germany.

Kaiser

German for "Caesar", the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire

Emancipation

The act of setting free; applied to liberalism movement and the idea that slavery and serfdom were against natural rights.

Abolitionism

Specific movement name given to those that wanted to end slavery. Could work hand in hand with larger movements from the period like liberalism and nationalism. Would be in conflict with conservatism.

Crimean War

Russians vs the Ottoman Empire to assert power and claim territory in Eastern Europe and the Balkans. Other European powers back the Ottoman Empire not wanting to see the emergence of Russia. Ottoman Empire wins with the help, embarrassed Russia from getting involved in European affairs again for the next several decades. Most significantly, marked an end to the Concert of Europe and any peace and cooperation; European powers back to acting in their best interests.

Political movements in Italy

Unification occurred during the later part of the 19th century. Fostered by Victor Emmanuel II's efforts in the northern Italy, in particular with his alliance with France and their combined war against Austria, and Garibaldi's efforts in southern Italy. Garibaldi would give control of the south to Emmanuel II after he conquered it.

Political movements in Germany

Unification occurred during the later part of the 19th century. Brought by major German state Prussia. King William I leads Prussia. Appoints Otto von Bismarck to make reforms. Expands the military to the strongest in Europe. Defeats Austria in the Austro-Prussia War and then France in the Franco-Prussian War. Uses this victory to force German states into alignment and under his rule. Results in a unified Germany of which William I is the Kaiser (emperor). Germany becomes strongest state in Europe.

Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state. Handed control of southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel.

Emmanuel II

King of Sardinia who became king of Italy

William I

The Leader of Prussia who wanted military expansion and appointed Bismarck. Will become Kaiser or emperor of unified Germany after Prussia's success.

Bismarck

Prussian advisor that believed in realpolitik (government by doing what was practical). Expanded Prussian military for William.

Realpolitik

Realistic politics based on the needs of the state. Don't act by ethics.

Franco-Prussian War

Major European conflict in which Prussia provoked war with France and defeated them. The war brought the German states together; scared them to unifying with the powerful Prussia state as one Germany.

Political movements in Britain

Avoids many of the issues with protests and revolutions because they embraced liberalism so much early with the Glorious Revolution and English Bill of Rights. During the period, they go further by expanding the right to vote to all males, experience great economic growth from the Industrial Revolution, and have stable political leadership with Queen Victoria.

Political movements in Russia

Do abolish serfdom and give some land rights to new peasants. Czar Alexander II assassinated by Russian nobility for the changes; could not appease either side.

Political movements in Austria

Struggle with diversity of the nation. Many ethnic groups pulling for independence (nationalist movements). Formation of the dual monarchy to appease largest minority ethnic group the Hungarians. Results in two capitals, two legislatures, two constitutions. Share common emperor/King Francis Joseph, army, and foreign policy.

Political movements in the United Sates

Civil war breaks out when the southern states secede over representation in the government. Want to self-govern and protect their economic and social interests.

Political movements in Haiti

Toussaint-Louverture leads slaves to revolt from French colonial rule and their sugar colony. Becomes Haiti, the first independent state in Latin America.

Political movements in Mexico

First attempted by Hidalgo; crushed by Spanish colonizing forces when higher social classes of creoles and peninsulares became scared by radical nature of the lower classes and instead sided with Spanish colonizers. Successful on second attempt when all classes revolted against Spanish rule. Set up a monarchy and then a republic.

Jose de San Martin

Helped lead/bring about independence for Argentina and Chile

Simon Bolivar

Helped lead/bring about independence for Venezuela and Colombia.

Struggles of political movements in Latin America

While nations achieved political independence from colonialism, they had no experience with republican forms of government and struggled to maintain it. They also remained heavily dependent on European powers and the United States with their economies.

Romanticism

Emerged from reaction to the Enlightenment. Popular through first half of 19th century (1800-1850). Focused on discovering truth, feelings, emotion, and imagination. Valued individualism. Famous painter Delacroix, musician Beethoven, writers Walter Scott, Edgar Allen Poe, Mary Shelly, poet Wordsworth.

Realism

Popular through second half of the 19th century (1850-1899). Echoed the scientific outlook of the time. Wanted to convey precise observations, conditions, environments of the time. Famous painter Courbet, writers Charles Dickens and Flaubert.

New Age of Science

Biggest scientific push since the Scientific Revolution during the Enlightenment. Connects to the Industrial Revolution because they need technological and scientific advancements to continue to improve industry/efforts to industrialize. Science came to have a real impact on all people.

Pasteur

From the new age of science, proposed new understanding of germ theory

Mendeleyev

From the new age of science, proposed new understanding classifying material elements based on their atomic weights

Faraday

From the new age of science, proposed new understanding of a primitive generator that laid the foundation for electric current

Darwin

From the new age of science, proposed new understanding of Evolution and Natural Selection. Proposed humans were part of the natural world. Wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Proposed species adapt over time (organic evolution), as well as the idea of natural select (survival of the fittest); best-suited species would survive.