Canine&Feline Clinical Management- Lecture 3

What are the main health factors that influence nutrition in dogs and cats?

Health, life stage, genetics, nutritional management, environment, physical activity, and state of health.

What are the energy-producing nutrients?

Proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

What is the term for the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1°C?

Kilocalorie (kcal or Calorie).

What is Digestible energy (DE)?

Gross energy from food minus energy lost in feces.

What does Metabolizable energy (ME) represent?

Digestible energy minus energy lost in urine and gas.

How are essential amino acids categorized for cats and dogs?

Cats need 11 essential amino acids; dogs need 10 essential amino acids.

What is the Biologic Value (BV) of protein?

Expression of the amount of essential amino acids in a protein.

How do carbohydrates benefit dogs and cats?

They provide an inexpensive source of energy, variety, fiber, and palatability.

What is the role of fats in pet nutrition?

They serve as the primary energy source, provide palatability, and contain essential fatty acids.

What are the essential fatty acids required by cats?

Linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids.

What are fat-soluble vitamins and their significance?

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in fat and liver and are essential for various metabolic processes.

What are macrominerals?

Minerals required in larger amounts, including calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium.

What is the primary function of water in animal nutrition?

It is the most important nutrient necessary for all metabolic reactions.

What should be avoided in pet nutrition?

Excess supplements, especially minerals or vitamins.

How does palatability affect pet food?

It influences how much an animal likes a food, based on factors like odor, temperature, and fat content.

What are the AAHA nutritional guidelines?

Nutritional assessment and recommendation standards for dogs and cats.

What are the three feeding methods mentioned in the notes?

Portion-controlled, time-restricted, and ad-lib (free feeding).

What does pet food labeling entail?

It is a legal document regulated by various agencies, ensuring proper information about health claims and ingredients.

What is the difference between 'complete and balanced' versus 'special purpose' pet foods?

Complete and balanced meets nutritional needs; special purpose is geared for specific life stages or needs.

How is 'Guaranteed Analysis' useful on pet food labels?

It provides information on the nutritional content, such as crude protein and fat levels.

What is the main difference between canned, semi-moist, and dry pet foods?

Canned foods are more palatable; semi-moist contains preservatives; dry food is convenient and economical.

What is the risk associated with homemade pet food?

There is a significant potential for nutritional inadequacy if not formulated correctly.

What is a common misconception about pet food by-products?

By-products are not necessarily low quality.

How do feeding intervals change for puppies?

From high energy for growth to more for maintenance as they approach adult weight.

What is the recommended crude protein percentage for puppies?

22-32% dry matter (DM).

What should feeding schedules for working dogs include?

One meal at least 4 hours prior to exercise and one within 2 hours after.

What is the recommendation for overweight cats and dogs regarding diet?

Implement energy restriction, focus on protein quality, and include adequate fiber.

Why is water labeled as the most important nutrient?

All metabolic processes require water, and loss can lead to severe health issues.

What are the signs of fat deficiency in pets?

Delayed wound healing, dry hair coat, and scaly skin.

What characteristics define obligate carnivores like cats?

Cats have specific metabolic needs for certain amino acids and prefer small, frequent meals.

How is Resting Energy Requirement (RER) calculated for dogs?

RER = 70 x (ideal body weight in kg)^0.75.

What is the implication of a growing kitten's daily energy requirement?

It can be RER x 2.0 to 2.5, depending on age and growth stage.

What are the potential risks of assisted feeding in pets?

Malnutrition affects GI tract, immunity, and overall health.

What is Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)?

IV infusion of nutrient solutions for patients who cannot receive enteral nutrition.

Why is veterinary supervision essential for prescription diets?

To ensure proper diagnosis and management of specific health conditions.

What is the function of antioxidants in pet foods?

They prevent oxidation, primarily of fats, improving shelf life and health benefits.

What is the significance of digestibility in pet nutrition?

It determines the amount of nutrients available for absorption after consumption.

How can high fiber diets affect obesity in pets?

Higher fiber can prevent obesity while aiding in digestion and y preventing hairballs.

What is a concern with feeding overweight pets too quickly?

Weight loss diets may cause looser stools, requiring careful monitoring.

What adjustments should be made for feeding senior pets?

Higher quality protein and appropriate fat and fiber levels to manage health.

What is the nutrition requirement change during gestation in pets?

Higher energy requirements, essential fatty acids, high-quality proteins, and palatable foods.

What does 'feeding trials are not necessary' imply about pet food?

It suggests that superior methods exist for documenting nutritional adequacy.

Why are both natural and synthetic nutrients common in pet food?

To meet specific nutritional needs and vitamin requirements in formulations.

What is the recommended dietary adjustment for high performance dogs?

Higher caloric density, highly digestible carbs, and muscle and organ meat proteins.

What are non-energy producing nutrients?

Vitamins, minerals, and water

What are fat deficiency signs?

Delayed wound healing, dry hair coat, scaly skin and skin infections

What are Microminerals?

Iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, cobalt, and selenium

What vitamins are water soluble?

Vitamins B and C

What is digestibility?

Amount of nutrients in a food available for absorption after consumption

Influenced by quality of ingredients and processing technique