Chemistry - Matter, Solutions, & Molarity

alloy

a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion

aqueous solution

a solution where H₂O is the solvent

compound

a substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio

element

a substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance by ordinary chemical means and is composed of only one type of atom(all with the same number of protons)

heterogeneous mixture

A type of mixture where the composition is not uniform throughout:

• See two or more phases

• Not mixed equally

homogeneous mixture

A substance where the components are uniformly distributed throughout:

• looks the same throughout

• ONE PHASE

  Will not settle out(unmix)

• Equally mixed

alkaline

a substance that is basic (pH > 7) and contains or produces hydroxide ions(OH^-) in solution

molarity

the number of moles of solute per one liter of solution

Molarity(M) = moles of dissolved solute / Liters of solution

saturated solution

a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature

solute

what is being dissolved

solution

a homogeneous mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent

solvent

a substance with the ability to dissolve other substances to for a solution (what something is being dissolved in)

supersaturated solution

a solution that contains more than the maximum amount of solute that is capable of being dissolved at a given temperature

unsaturated solution

a solution where the quantity of solute added is below the solution’s saturation point at a fixed temperature

volumetric flask

a piece of laboratory apparatus, a type of of laboratory flask calibrated to contain a precise volume at a certain temperature

solubility

the ability to be dissolved, especially in water

neutralization reaction

acid + base react together to form water and a neutral salt

acid

a substance that, when dissolved in water, releases hydrogen ions(H₊), pH > 7

• Taste: sour / tart

• Touch: watery

• Reaction with metal: H₂ gas

• Conducts Electricity

• Litmus paper color: red or pink

• Gold rod paper color: no change

• Body: Stomach

• [OH^-] < 1.0 × 10^-7 mol / L

• [H₃O⁺] > 1.0 × 10^-7 mol / L

base

a substance that can accept protons (H⁺ ions)or donate electrons, often by releasing hydroxide ions(OH^-) in aqueous solutions, pH < 7

• Taste: Bitter

• Touch: Slippery

• No reaction with metal

• Conducts electricity

• Litmus paper color: blue

• Gold rod paper color: red

• body: pancreatic fluid

• [OH^-] > 1.0 × 10^-7 mol / L

• [H₃O⁺] < 1.0 × 10^-7 mol / L

neutral salt

Ionic compound that has a pH of 7 (neutral):

• taste: salty

• touch: watery

• reacts with metal (no gas produced)

• Conducts electricity(when dissolved in H₂O)

• Litmus paper color: no change

• Gold rod paper: no change

• Body: tears(saline)

• [OH^-] = 1.0 × 10^-7 mol / L + [H₃O⁺] = 1.0 × 10^-7 mol / L

arrhenius acid

solution produces h⁺ ions

arrhenius base

solution produces OH^- ions