Unit 6: World War I and Unit 7: The Russian Revolution

Militarism

Increased military buildup in European nations.

Alliances

Agreements between countries for mutual support.

Nationalism

Pride and loyalty towards one's nation.

Imperialism

Domination of one country over another.

Assassination

Killing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's strategy to defeat France quickly.

Stalemate

Situation where neither side can gain advantage.

Gallipoli Campaign

Allied attempt to secure Dardanelles Strait.

Armenian Genocide

Mass killing of Armenians by Ottoman Turks.

Central Powers

Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and others.

Allied Powers

Alliance of France, Britain, Russia, and later the US.

Battle of the Marne

1914 battle marking failure of Schlieffen Plan.

Battle of the Somme

One of the bloodiest battles, over 1 million casualties.

Balkan Peninsula

Region where Serbia sought to expand influence.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

His assassination triggered World War I.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

German leader who dismissed Bismarck's treaties.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian leader who formed key alliances.

Entente Cordiale

Alliance between France and Britain.

Russian Mobilization

Russia's troop movement in support of Serbia.

Ottoman Empire

Declining empire involved in World War I.

Western Front

Main theater of war in France.

Eastern Front

Theater of war against Russia.

Casualties

Military personnel killed or wounded.

Dardanelles Strait

Strategic waterway targeted in Gallipoli Campaign.

Serbia

Nation whose conflict with Austria-Hungary sparked war.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Territories annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908.

Total War

Conflict involving complete mobilization of resources.

Legacy of World War I

Significant political and social changes post-war.

Lusitania

British passenger ship sunk by Germany in 1915.

Zimmerman Telegram

Germany's 1917 proposal for alliance with Mexico.

Total War

Conflict requiring all resources for war effort.

Propaganda

Information used to promote support for the war.

Rationing

Limiting resources for civilian consumption during war.

Women in War

Women worked in factories and as nurses.

Russian Withdrawal

Russia exited WWI after the 1917 revolution.

Second Battle of the Marne

1918 battle marking Germany's defeat in WWI.

Armistice

Agreement to cease fighting, signed on 11/11/1918.

Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points

Peace proposal advocating self-determination and peace.

League of Nations

International body proposed to maintain peace.

Treaty of Versailles

1919 treaty imposing penalties on Germany.

War Guilt Clause

Germany's acceptance of full responsibility for WWI.

Reparations

Germany owed $33 billion in war reparations.

Loss of Territory

Germany lost land and overseas colonies post-war.

Czarist Autocracy

Czar's absolute power characterized by oppression.

Economic Problems in Russia

Industrialization led to poor working conditions.

Bolshevik Revolution

1917 uprising leading to Lenin's control in Russia.

Lenin's Leadership

Lenin became the 'father of the Revolution'.

Bloody Sunday

1905 massacre that sparked unrest in Russia.

Russo-Japanese War

Conflict exposing Russia's military weaknesses.

Karl Marx

Philosopher advocating for proletariat dictatorship.

Civil War in Russia

Conflict between Bolsheviks and anti-Bolshevik forces.

Child Labor

Exploitation of children in industrial workplaces.

Agrarian Economy

Outdated farming system relied on by Russians.

Political Oppression

Suppression of political dissent under the Czar.

Religious Intolerance

Discrimination against non-Russian ethnic groups.

Frustration of Workers

Working class discontent led to revolutionary ideas.

Nicholas II

Last Czar of Russia, faced public dissent.

Duma

Parliament created but dissolved after 10 weeks.

Nicholas II

Last Czar of Russia, unprepared for World War I.

Czarina Alexandra

Nicholas II's wife, influenced by Rasputin.

Rasputin

Mystic advisor to Czarina, made key decisions.

February-March Revolution

Workers' strikes led to Czar's abdication.

Alexander Kerensky

Led the Provisional Government after Nicholas II.

Bolshevik Revolution

Lenin's party overthrew the Provisional Government.

Peace, Land, and Bread

Bolshevik slogan appealing to workers and peasants.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Agreement ending Russia's involvement in WWI.

Russian Civil War

Conflict between Red and White armies (1918-1920).

Red Army

Bolshevik army led by Leon Trotsky.

White Army

Opposition forces against Bolsheviks during Civil War.

Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP)

Allowed limited capitalism to revive the economy.

Collective Farms

State-owned farms; resistance led to violence.

Stalin's Totalitarian State

Government controls all aspects of life.

Police State

Government uses force to suppress opposition.

Propaganda

Information used to promote a political cause.

Five-Year Plans

Stalin's economic plans to boost industrial output.

Gulag

Forced labor camps for political prisoners.

Legacy of the Russian Revolution

Inspired communist movements in China and Cuba.

Mao Zedong

Led Chinese Communist Party to victory.

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, established post-revolution.

Dictatorship of the Communist Party

Single-party rule established under Lenin and Stalin.

Economic Decisions

Made centrally by the government under Stalin.

Mass Arrests

Stalin's method to eliminate political threats.

Censorship

Suppression of information contrary to government policies.

Abdication

Nicholas II's resignation from the throne.

Bread Riots

Protests due to food shortages during the war.