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Basileus
A king or monarch who ruled a Greek city-state, sometimes with multiple basileis, as in Sparta. Historical Context: Initially a village chieftain in Mycenaean times, later signified royalty during the height of Greek civilization. Synonyms: King, ruler, monarch, chieftain. Example Sentence: The dual basileis of Sparta shared power but also coordinated military and religious duties.
Aristocracy
Definition: A form of government where power is held by the elite citizens deemed to have the best interests of the city-state at heart. Synonyms: Elite governance, nobility, oligarchic rule. Antonyms: Democracy, tyranny. Example Sentence: The aristocracy in Athens controlled most political decisions until reforms expanded participation.
Oligarchy
Definition: A form of government where a small, exclusive group holds power, often limited to privileged elites. Etymology: Derived from Greek “oligos” (few) and “archē” (rule). Synonyms: Plutocracy, small group rule. Antonyms: Democracy, monarchy. Example Sentence: The transition from monarchy to oligarchy in Corinth marked a significant shift in the power structure.
Tyranny
Definition: Rule seized by an individual, often by overthrowing an oligarchy; in ancient Greece, not inherently negative. Key Points: Tyrants were often self-made rulers supported by marginalized groups. Synonyms: Despotism, autocracy. Antonyms: Democracy, oligarchy. Example Sentence: The tyrant Kypselos of Corinth was initially celebrated for redistributing power to the people.
Democracy
Definition: Government by the people, where citizens have a collective say in governance. Synonyms: Popular rule, republic. Antonyms: Tyranny, oligarchy. Example Sentence: Athenian democracy allowed male citizens to participate in the Assembly, a revolutionary concept at the time.
Polity
Definition: A form of government that involves collective rule by many; often considered similar to a republic. Synonyms: Republic, collective governance. Antonyms: Monarchy, oligarchy. Example Sentence: Aristotle considered polity a balanced and stable form of government compared to democracy or tyranny.
Arkhons
Definition: Governors in Athens responsible for various administrative duties, serving one-year terms. Synonyms: Magistrates, officials. Example Sentence: The Arkhons of Athens played an integral role in managing the city-state’s legal and political affairs.
Boule
Definition: A council in Athens responsible for preparing laws and policies for the Assembly. Synonyms: Council, legislative body. Example Sentence: The Boule ensured that proposals presented to the Assembly were well-organized and feasible.
Areopagos
Definition: A council of former Arkhons in Athens that functioned similarly to a Supreme Court. Synonyms: Judicial council, aristocratic court. Example Sentence: The Areopagos held significant influence over legal and constitutional matters in Athens.
Assembly
Definition: A collective body of Athenian citizens eligible to vote, tasked with proposing and deciding policies. Key Exclusion: Women and non-citizens were excluded. Synonyms: Legislature, general assembly. Example Sentence: The Assembly in Athens was a hallmark of early democracy, allowing citizens to have a direct say in governance.
Greek Social Classes
Definition: Social stratification in ancient Greece, including citizens, residents, and the underclass. Example Sentence: Ancient Greek society was stratified into citizens, residents, and the underclass, each with distinct rights and roles.
Draco
Definition: An Athenian lawgiver who created the first written law code. Key Contributions: Created a formalized legal system, though his laws were harsh and reinforced aristocratic control. Synonyms: Lawgiver, legislator. Example Sentence: Draco’s laws, though severe, were a significant step toward establishing a formalized legal system in Athens.
Solon
Definition: An Athenian reformer who revised Draco’s laws and implemented social reforms to prevent future tyranny. Key Contributions: Eliminated individual debts, divided citizens into four wealth-based classes, and established a council of 400 members. Synonyms: Reformer, lawmaker. Example Sentence: Solon’s reforms were crucial in laying the groundwork for Athenian democracy, despite their temporary success.
Tyranny of Pisistratidai
Definition: The period of rule by Pisistratus and his sons in Athens, characterized by despotism. Key Events: Pisistratus seized power after Solon’s reforms; his sons ruled as despots until overthrown. Example Sentence: The tyranny of the Pisistratidai marked a turbulent period in Athens, ultimately leading to significant reforms under Kleisthenes.
Kleisthenes
Definition: Known as the “Father of Athenian Democracy,” he reorganized Athens’ political structure to reduce factionalism. Key Contributions: Created new tribes, expanded the Boule to 500 members, and introduced ostracism. Synonyms: Democrat, reformer. Example Sentence: Kleisthenes’ reforms established the foundations of Athenian democracy that lasted for centuries.
Ostracism
Definition: A political practice where citizens voted to exile individuals for ten years to prevent excessive power. Synonyms: Exile, banishment. Example Sentence: Ostracism was a democratic safeguard that helped Athens avoid the rise of potential tyrants.
Polis
Definition: A city-state in ancient Greece, serving as an independent political entity. Synonyms: City-state, municipality. Example Sentence: The polis of Athens became a model for political and cultural development in Classical Greece.
Synoikism
Definition: The process of smaller villages uniting to form a larger city-state or federation. Synonyms: Unification, amalgamation. Example Sentence: Synoikism helped shape the city-states of Greece, turning scattered settlements into cohesive political units.
Acropolis
Definition: A fortified hill in a polis, housing important buildings such as temples and treasuries. Synonyms: Citadel, stronghold. Example Sentence: The Acropolis in Athens served as both a defensive stronghold and a religious center.
Agora
Definition: The central public space in a polis, where citizens gathered for trade, politics, and social activities. Synonyms: Marketplace, public square. Example Sentence: Citizens gathered in the agora to trade goods, attend assemblies, and participate in religious ceremonies.
Athenian Democracy
Definition: The system of democracy in Athens, allowing male citizens to participate directly in governance. Key Features: Assembly composed of male citizens, the Boule of 500, and rotation of officeholders. Example Sentence: Athenian democracy was revolutionary in its inclusion of all male citizens in governance, though it excluded women and non-citizens.
