Review Lecture Notes

Flashcards based on review lecture notes focusing on constructs, operational definitions, hypotheses, types of claims, validity, reliability, scales of measurement, central tendency, variance, confidence intervals, t-statistics, sample size, variability, significance, correlation and regression.

What value of Pearson's r would represent a weak positive correlation?

.17 (a value close to 0)

what type of correlation is pathway X?

autocorrelation

what type of correlation is pathway Y?

Cross-sectional correlation

what type of correlation is pathway Z?

Cross-lag correlation

Define cross-sectional correlation.

Association between two variables measured at the same time.

Define autocorrelation.

Association of a variable with itself, measured at two different times.

Define cross-lag correlation.

Association between an earlier measure of one variable and a later measure of another variable; critical for establishing directionality.

If there is no relationship between two variables, what is the expected value of r?

0

How can you tell if observed r is significant?

If observed r is unlikely to occur if H0 is true, there is a significant relationship. Also, if the 95% CI of r does not include zero, then r is statistically significant.

Which statistic is used to compare two dichotomous variables?

Phi

Which statistic is used to compare two continuous variables?

Pearson's r

Which statistic is used to compare one dichotomous and one continuous variable?

Point-biserial r

Which statistic is used to compare one ordinal and one continuous variable?

Spearman's rho

Which statistic is used to compare two ordinal variables?

Spearman's rho

Which statistic is used to compare two predictors and one outcome variable?

Multiple Regression

What does the Phi coefficient measure?

The relationship between two dichotomous variables.

What does multiple regression involve?

Developing a linear regression model for predicting a criterion variable using 2+ predictors.

How would you most accurately describe the coefficient between HS Math Grades and College GPA

A significant relationship, controlling for HS Science, HS English, and Sex

How would you most accurately describe the coefficient between HS English Grades ad College GPA?

A non-significant relationship, controlling for HS Math, HS Science, and Sex

What is the prediction of College GPA for someone that scores a 'zero' for HS Math, HS Science, HS English and Sex?

GPA = 0.60

Give the formula for Linear Regression

Y_predicted = Ŷ = a + b_yx X

In Linear Regression, what does 'a' represent?

The 'y-intercept', the value when x = 0 (the 'regression constant')

In Linear Regression, what does b_yx represent?

Slope of the regression line (the 'regression coefficient')

In Linear Regression, what does β (beta) represent?

The 'standardized' b value