GENLEC - intro

ANATOMY

Study of the structure of the human body involving its definitions and attributes.

Ana

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Temnein

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HUMAN ANATOMY

Deals with the study of the shapes and structures of the human body with special emphasis on the relationships of the different parts.

divisions of anatomy

• macroscopic

• microscopic

• developmental

macroscopic anatomy

structures and parts that can be seen by the naked eye.

microscopic anatomy

can be seen only with the aid of magnification devices.

developmental anatomy

structural stages from fertilization

subdivisions of macroscopic anatomy

• regional

• surface

• imaging

• endoscopic

• neuroanatomy

regional anatomy

studies layering structure of anatomical regions that are interconnected.

surface anatomy

deals with the external anatomy of an organisms – the location and structures of the organs.

imaging

utilize modern equipment such Xrays to look closely to the deep parts and structure within an organism’s body.

endoscopic

view and analyze the hollow organ or cavity inside the body with the help of Endoscope.

neuroanatomy

talks about the structures and organizations of the nervous system.

subdivisions of microscopic anatomy

• cytology

• histology

cytology

study all of the information about the cells.

histology

study all of the information about the tissues.

subdivisions of developmental anatomy

• embryogenesis

• subsequent organogenesis

embryogenesis

study the development of an embryo

subsequent organogenesis

the process of the formation of the organs.

methods of studying anatomy

• regional anatomy

• systemic anatomy

• surface anatomy

• radiographic anatomy

• applied anatomy

regional anatomy

study of the relationships of all structures found in a particular area or region of the body.

ex. organs and structures of the abdomen

systemic anatomy

study in which all parts of the body make up of the same structure and of related functions are taken up individually or as a group

surface anatomy

method of studying anatomy where dissection and the use of microscope are not in need.

ex. cheeks - zygomatic bone

radiographical

ct scan, mri, xray

applied anatomy

the actual application of the anatomical understanding for medical related activities such: research, clinical development, diagnosis, and medication.

Medial

towards the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Superior/Cranial

above the other parts, near the head

Inferior/Caudal

bellow the other parts, near the tail.

Superficial

closer from the external surface of the body

Deep

farther from the external surface of the body.

Dorsal

the back or posterior side

Ventral

the front or anterior side.

Proximal

closer to the point of origin

Distal

farther to the point of origin

Somatic/Parietal

refers to the walls of a cavity

Visceral

refers to the organs within the cavity.

Internal

closer to the central axis of the body

External

farther from the central axis of the body.

EGYPTIANS

Began studying the human body as early as 1,600 BC.

Edwin Smith

-1800 AD

- Purchased the book but doesn’t contribute any words to the content.

- Named it “Surgical Papyrus”

Surgical Papyrus

Oldest known surviving surgical treatise on trauma in history

Surgical Papyrus

Story in line to the medical treatment of the 48 patients focusing on the spine.

GREEKS

- Advances in anatomy

- Started the Nomenclature

- Devised the Methods and applications for the study of anatomy.

Nomenclature

naming of parts

Alcmaeon

Constructed background for modified and anatomical science with the dissection of animals.

Aristotle

- 4th Century

- Developed comparative anatomy, mainly on animals.

Praxagoras

- 1st to differentiate arteries and veins.

- 1st to understand the relation between the parts of the animals.

Alexandria Egypt

- 300 to 2nd century BC.

- First school of anatomy.

Galen

- Final major anatomist of ancient times.

- Most famous after Hippocrates

Galen

- Performed Vivisection on animals (alive dissection)

- Compiled knowledge form Greek and Egyptians

Galen

Wrote the other uses of the anatomy, these works acts as a ‘bible’ in med field

3RD CENTURY BCE – 10TH CENTURY

Anatomy mainly learned thru books and animal dissections

Emperor Frederick II

made anatomy mandatory or requirement for medical students

Mondino de’ Luzzi

- First to dissect human in western Europe.

- Wrote the 1st human anatomy book which turned to be a ‘bible for psychometrician.

Anatomia

First modern anatomical text in 1316 used in universities for 250 years.

Leonardo da Vinci

- Trained in anatomy by Andrea del Verrocchio.

- In 1489 – made a series of accurate anatomical drawings.

Leonardo da Vinci

- Produced the first accurate depiction of human spine.

- Described cirrhosis of the liver and arteriosclerosis.

Leonardo da Vinci

Dissected 30/90 human cadaver to achieve realistic drawings until forced to stop by People Leo X.

Andreas Vesalius

- Father of Modern Anatomy.

- Denied Galen’s anatomical teachings.

16th – 17th CENTURY

- Advances to the study of anatomy

- Circulatory system

- Purpose of valves in the veins

17th and 18th CENTURY

- Human dissection still on going

- Printing press is discovered = wide spread books

19th CENTURY

- Focus on Histology

- Development of histology of human animals

MODERN ANATOMY

- Imaging techniques and machines (MRI, CT, PET) are highlighted (do not required dissecting)

- Progress centered on the functions and evolution of human anatomy.

Why Study Anatomy?

✓ It is a functional peak

✓ As all parts are related

✓ To diagnose

✓ For treatment

✓ For forensic investigation

✓ For family – this render closure

✓ To determine the cause of death

A. Head Region

• Cranium

• Face

B. Neck Region

• Superiorly

• Inferiorly

C. Trunk Region

• Thoracic

• Abdomen

• Pelvic

D. Upper Extremity / Upper Limb

• Shoulder

• Arm

• Elbow

• Forearm

• Wrist

• Hand

E. Lower Extremity / Lower Limb

• Hips / Buttocks

• Thigh

• Knee

• Leg

• Ankle

• Foot

ANTERIOR

ventral, flexor, palmar, and volar

POSTERIOR

dorsal and extensor

Dorsal and Ventral

Terms used particularly by embryologists and neuroanatomists

Labial

the aspect of teeth adjacent to the lips.

Buccal

the aspect of teeth adjacent to the cheeks.

Lingual

aspect of teeth adjacent to the tongue.

ANATOMICAL POSITION

a standard position which description of any part of the body are based upon.

standing straight

- body is in a _______ _______ position facing in front

neutral

Facial expression is _______.

side, front

Hands on the _____ with palms in ______.

lateral position

4 Fingers together and thumbs in _____ ______.

pointing

Feet on the floor, together with the toes that are _______ forward.

FUNDAMENTAL PLANES

standard reference terms based on anatomic position.

Coronial / Frontal Plane

separates the body vertically into anterior and posterior halves.

Median Plane

equal vertical division of right and left side

Sagittal Plane

unequal vertical division of right and left side.

Transverse Plane / Horizontal Plane

horizontally splits the body into superior and inferior halves.

Ventral Cavity

• thoracic

• abdomino-pelvic

Dorsal Cavity

• cranial

• spinal/vertebral

Thoracic

• pleural - houses the lungs

• pericardial - houses the heart

• mediastinum - esophagus, trachea, thymus

Abdomino-pelvic

• abdominal cavity proper (primarily digestive system)

• pelvic cavity (primarily reproductive system)

Cranial (Cavity)

anterior portion of the dorsal cavity which houses the brain

Spinal/Vertebral

posterior portion of the dorsal cavity which houses the spinal cord

other cavities

• oral

• nasal

• orbital

Cell

fundamental unit of all living things

Tissue

collection of similar cells having the same functions.

Organ

a group of fundamental tissues bound together in the performance of a given function.

System

a group of organs similar in origin and structure, united together in the performance of a given function.

Epithelial tissue

cover the surface of the body and line the various body cavities, ducts, and vessels.