ANSC Exam 2 flashcards from review session

Digestible Energy equation (DE %)

(Gross Energy - Fecal energy) / Gross energy X 100 = DE%

Metabolizable Energy equation (ME %)

(Gross Energy - Fecal energy - urinary energy) / Gross energy X 100 = ME%

Net energy equation (%)

(Gross energy - fecal energy - urinary energy - heat increment) / Gross energy X 100 = Net energy %

Apparent percent nitrogen digestibility equation

(Nitrogen in feed - Nitrogen in feces) / Nitrogen in feed X 100 = %

Nitrogen Balance equation

Nitrogen in feed - Nitrogen in feces - Nitrogen in Urine =

% Nitrogen retention equation

(N in feed - N in feces - N in urine) / N in feed X100 = %

True Nitrogen Digestibility equation

(N in feed - (N in feces - metabolic fecal nitrogen)) / N in feed X 100 = %

Apparent Biological value equation (%)

(N in feed - N in feces - N in urine) / (N in feed - N in feces) X 100 = %

True Biological Value equation (%)

(N in feed - (N in feces - metabolic fecal N) - (N in urine - endogenous urinary N)) / (N in feed - (N in feces - metabolic fecal N)) x 100 = %

Biological Value equation (%)

(N in feed - N in feces - N in urine) / (N in feed - N in feces) X 100 = %

Mouth/teeth

Mechanical digestion (mastication) helped by enzymes

Esophagus

tube transporting food from mouth to stomach

Stomach

Chemical digestion by way of enzymes

Small intestine

Nutrient absorption

Cecum

cellulose fermentation and VFA formation in rabbits and horses

Large intestine

Water absorbtion

Colon/rectum/anus

Waste storage and expulsion

Pancreas

Enzyme production to aid in digestion and hormone production which helps control blood sugar level

Liver

Bile production

TDN equation

(crude protein x digestibility) + (Ether extract x 2.25 x digestibility) + (Crude fiber x digestibility) + (NFE x digestibility) = TDN

Rumen

Largest compartment where food is churned around, has carpet like papillae, absorption site, and where most VFA’s are formed

reticulum

Known by its distinct honeycomb structure, has the ability to trap foreign material in the body (metal, rocks, plastic, etc), and aids in regurgitation to rechew food

Omasum

Absorbs water from feed as well as breaks down particles into smaller sizes

abomasum

compartment similar to that of a non-ruminant stomach, chemical digestion by way of enzymes

Poultry Organs to know

Crop - Feed storage pouch in the esophagus

Proventriculus - where chemical digestion takes place in poultry, corresponds to the stomach of a pig 

Gizzard (ventriculus) - particle size reduction and poultry and takes the place of teeth

Gizzard (ventriculus)

Particle size reduction in poultry and takes the place of teeth

Crop

Feed storage pouch in the esophagus

Proventriculus

Where chemical digestion takes place in poultry, (corresponds to the stomach of a pig)

Mouth enzymes and their purpose

Amylase, mucin, bicarbonate

Digest Carbohydrates, stick food together, buffer VFA’s

(ONLY IN RUMINANT)

HCL function

Activates pepsinogen, makes stomach acid

Mucin (stomach)function

protects stomach lining

gastric lipase function

Digest fat, (not effective-fat has not been emulsified yet?)

Pepsinogen (pepsin) function

Digest protein

Intrinsic factor function

facilitate B12 absorption, helps large molecules across membranes

Rennin (stomach/abomasum enzyme) function

Coagulate milk, enzymatically

Liver/gall bladder enzyme and purpose

bile, emuslify fat

Biles purpose

emulsify fat

Pancreatic amylase function

Digest carbohydrates

Pancreatic lipase function

digest fat

Trypsin (pancreas) function

digest protein

Chymotrypsin (pancreas) function

digest protein

Carboxypeptidase (pancreas) function

digest protein

Bicarbonate (pancreas) function

Buffer pH (pH near neutral)

Sucrase (small intestine) function

digest sucrose

Maltase (small intestine)

Digest maltose

Lactase (small intestine) Function

digest lactose

Aminopeptidases (small intestine) function

Digest polypeptides

Nucleotidases and nucleosidases (small intestine) function

digest nucleotides

Name 6 grains

Millet, rice, Milo, rye, soybean, cottonseed

things to know about Milo (grain sorghum)

Must be processed to remove tannin

 things to know about Rye

psychoactive (associated with Salem witch trials)

causes dry gangrene

Things to know about soybean

must be processed to remove trypsin inhibitor

things to know about cottonseed

contains gossypol

things to know about millet

Small round seed most commonly found in bird seed

Things to know about rice

Long growing season requiring lots of water

almost exclusively fed to humans

what is Deoxynivalenol produced by and what does it cause

Gibberella zeae (fusarium roseum), causes feed refusal in pigs

What is Zearalenone produced by and what does it cause

Gibberella Zeae (fusarium roseum), estrogenic effects in pigs

What is aflatoxin produced by and what effect does it have  

Aspergillus Flavus, carcinogenic

What is Fumonisin produced by and what animal is it lethal to

Fusarium Moniliforme, highly lethal to horses

Deoxynivalenol (Main feed, main species affected, effect)

grains, pigs, feed refusal

Zearalenone  (Main feed, main species affected, effect)

Corn, sows, reproductive issues

Aflatoxin (Main feed, main species affected, effect)

Corn, All species, liver damage/carcinogen

Fumonisin (Main feed, main species affected, effect)

Corn, horses, neurological/lung damage

Ergot

Rye/sorgum, all species, nervous and circulatory effects

What animal has split upper lip and allows it to graze closer to the ground than other animals

sheep

What are VFA’s

Primary energy source for ruminants, produced during microbial fermentation

What is UIP (undegradable intake protein)

Feed fraction where amino acid balance matters for ruminants

What is NPN

Non protein Nitrogen, nitrogen source usable by ruminants, NOT dependent on amino acid balance

What is TDN

Total digestible nutrients, carbohydrate-based energy index used to estimate feed energy

What is NE

Net energy, energy value that best represents what an animal can actually use

what is ME

Metabolizable energy, energy value preferred for birds, accounts for urinary and gas losses

What is True biological value

Requires accounting for metabolic losses like metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFN) and endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUN)

Test weight of grain

Matters more for grain purchasing and storage, lower test weight has little effect on performance in animals can eat enough

What is dicalcium phosphate for

Feed additive used to supplement phosphorus in livestock diets

pyloric valve

controls flow from stomach to duodenumdu

duodenum

first part of small intestine, receives bile and pancreatic juice

Jejunum

Middle section of small intestine, absorbtion

Ileum

Last section of small intestine, absorbtion

Cecum

fermentation in nonruminants

Cloaca

Common exit for digestive and urinary tracts in birds

Pepsin

digests protein in stomach

Gastrin

Stimulates acid secretion in stomach

Secretin

Stimulates pancreatic secretion of water and electrolytes

Endogenous

Originating from within the bodyG

gross energy

total energy in feed

Heat increment

energy lost as heat during digestion and metabolism

Urea

example of NPN, used in ruminant diets

Protein evaluation in cattle

Focus on degradable and undegradable intake protein

protein evaluation in hogs

focus on digestibility and amino acid blance

What is the only grain that naturally contains a significant level of carotene

corn

What grain is bran and middling’s usually derived from

wheat

What’s the preferred feed for horses

oats

What feedstuff is a byproduct from processing sugar cane or sugar beets

molasses

what grain was created by crossing wheat and rye

Triticale

Crude protein is determined by N x ?

6.25

What is the part of proximate analysis called that determines fat content

ether extract

When one determines crude fiber, which nutrient class is being determined (at least a part of it).

Carbohydrate

Which part of proximate analysis is determined using Kjeldahl procedures?

Crude protein

Approximately what % N is present in protein, (from which the factor N X 6.25 is derived)?

16

Nitrogen free extract equation

100 - (Water % + Ash % + Crude protein % + Ether extract % + Crude fiber %) = NFE %