2.10-2.12 AP HuGe

migration

the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

voluntary migration

migration made by choice in pursuit of a better life

push factors

negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave

pull factors

positive circumstances or factors that attract migrants

immigrant

a person migrating across an international border with the intention to stay permanently

emigrant

from the perspective of the country the migrant is leaving, they are viewed as this

emigrate

migrating away from somewhere

Zelinsky’s theory

theory that founds the migration transition model

migration transition model

argues that countries in stage 2-3 of the demographic transition model experience rapid population growth and overcrowding

intervening obstacles

barriers of any sorts that make migration difficult

intervening opportunities

opportunities that make migration difficult (EX: a migrant gets a job along the way)

distance decay

things near another are more closely connected than things far apart

gravity model of migration

model assuming the size and distance between two places will influence the amount of interactions between them

step migration

most migration occurs this way, migrants reach their destination through a series of smaller steps and moves

rural-to-urban migration

migration from a rural location to an urban location

counter migration

opposite movement produced by each migration flow

return migration

migrating back to your former home

forced migration

involuntary migration, migrants are left with no choice but to move

internally displaced persons

a migrant forced to move to another part of the country, crossing no international borders

refugees

forced migrants who migrate to another country, crossing international borders

internal migration

migrating inside a country, without crossing international borders.

transnational migration

migration to another country, crossing international borders

chain migration

when migrants decide to settle where their ancestors, friends, or family have resided in the past, creating a community (EX: Chinatown)

asylum

some refugees apply for this, protection granted from one country to an immigrant from another country, guaranteeing that they will not be harmed if they return

guest workers

transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn't available locally

transhumance

process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons

homestead act

U.S. government gave land to settlers willing to stay and farm for 5 years

guest-worker policies

policies that regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time (EX: work visa)

family reunification policies

policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country

xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture

remittances

money sent to family and friends in the country an emigrate leaves

brain drain

when migration out of a country is made up of highly skilled people, this occurs to the country

ethnic enclaves

neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group (EX: Chinatown, Little Italy)