hap final

what type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints?

articular cartilage

what is the muscular layer of the heart wall?

myocardium

which vein returns blood to the femoral vein?

popliteal vein

blood leaves the left ventricle through an artery known as the _________.

aorta

the primary function of the pulmonary circulation is to?

transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs coronary arteries

the coronary veins empty blood from the myocardium into a large vein on the posterior side of the heart known as the _________.

coronary sinus

the first heart sound, "lub", is caused by the closure of the _________ valves.

atrioventricular (av)

during atrial diastole, blood flows from the atria to the _________.

ventricles

what is the volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle with each heart beat?

stroke volume (sv)

our vessels lose elasticity as we age, as happens in arteriosclerosis. which vessels layer is affected?

tunica media

arteries are normally depicted as red while veins are colored blue due to the oxygenation of the blood being transported by each type of vessel. the exceptions to this rule are the _________ arteries and veins.

pulmonary

veins draining the head and arms empty into the _________, which carries blood to the right atrium of the heart.

superior vena cava

an incompetent aortic semilunar valve would allow blood to back flow from the _________.

aorta to the left ventricle

which one of the following represents the correct path for the transmission of an impulse in the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

sinoatrial (sa) node, atrioventricular (av) node, atrioventricular (av) bundle (bundle of his), right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibers

all four heart valves are briefly closed as pressure begins to rise in the ventricles, a phase known as _________.

isovolumetric contraction

which of the following structures prevents blood from flowing backward into the right atrium during ventricular contraction?

tricuspid valve

the correct sequence of layers of a typical blood vessel, fro superficial to deep, are _________.

tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

what is the function of the pericardium?

protects and anchors the heart

which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood directly from the lungs?

left atrium

what role do the tonsils play in the respiratory system?

tonsils protect the body from infection.

oxygen is unloaded from the blood stream and diffuses into surrounding cells and tissues during _________.

internal respiration

what non-respiratory air movement is intended to ventilate all alveoli?

yawn

what makes the right bronchus more likely to receive a foreign object than the left?

it is shorter, wider, and more vertical

chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchial passages that respond to many irritants are characteristic of _________.

asthma

what distinguishes the respiratory zone from the conducting zone?

respiratory zone is where gas exchange occurs

what is the hilum of the lung?

the medial indentation where bronchi, vessels, and nerves enter the lung

which part of the pharynx is involved in both respiration and digestion?

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

a person with chronic bronchitis likely has

excess mucus and inflamed bronchi

which respiratory volume refers to the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation?

inspiratory reserve volume

which statement best describes external respiration?

exchange of gases between the alveoli and blood

what occurs during expiration?

thoracic volume decreases and air flows out

which gas is primarily responsible for regulating the respiratory rate under normal conditions?

carbon dioxide

a patient with emphysema is likely to have?

destruction of alveolar walls and reduced lung elasticity

which of the following best describes hypoventilation?

breathing shallow or slow to meet respiratory needs

what happens to the respiratory system with age?

reduced alveolar surface area and lung capacity

which of the following would most likely trigger an increase in respiratory rate?

physical exertion

what is the most common way carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

as bicarbonate ions

which of the following is not a function of the nasal cavity in respiration?

gas exchange

what structural change is the most commonly seen in a smoker's lungs?

breakdown of cilia in airways

what is the correct order of airflow through the respiratory system?

nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> bronchi

what is the function of residual volume?

prevents lung collapse by keeping alveoli slightly inflated

if the pharyngotympanic tube becomes blocked, a patient might experience?

pressure buildup in the middle ear

what are the two major functional properties of neurons?

irritability and conductivity

what statement best describes the resting state of a neuron?

neurons are polarized with more sodium ions outside the cell and more potassium ions inside the cell

after a stimulus is detected, the brain or spinal cord will coordinate a response, these responses are carried out by?

motor neurons

cerebrospinal fluid is present in the cranial and spinal cavities to?

all answers are functions of cerebrospinal fluid

star shaped cells of the nervous system that work to provide a brace system for neurons?

astrocytes

cells that make up myelin sheaths in the central nervous system are called?

oligodendrocytes

sensory receptors located in muscle and tendons are termed _________.

proprioceptors

mr. warren has spinal cord damage that prevents nerve impulses from being carried from the cns to muscles or glands. what specific type of neuron has been damaged?

motor neuron

myelinated fibers (tracts) form _________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form _________ matter.

white; gray

during repolarization, what ions are pumped out of the cell?

potassium

what reflexes stimulate skeletal muscles?

somatic

which branch of the autonomic nervous system (ans) mobilizes the body during extreme situations, such as rage or fear?

sympathetic division

which of these neuroglia cells forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

oligodendrocytes

which ciliated neuroglia cell circulates cerebrospinal fluid?

ependymal cells

monitor health of nearby neurons and dispose of debris?

microglia

form myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the pns?

schwann cells

gaps between the myelin sheath?

nodes of ranvier

neurons either conduct action potentials along the length of their axons, or they remain at rest. this statement best describes _________.

the all-or-none response

which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse?

2,1,4,3

which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?

decreased heart rate

which of the following is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc?

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

rick quickly pulled his hand away from the hot stove. what type of reflex is this?

withdrawal reflex

gaps in the myelin sheath are called?

nodes of ranvier

how are neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons (association neurons), structurally classified?

multipolar

which of the following brain dysfunctions is also known as a stroke?

cerebrovascular accident (cva)

which type of glial cell is involved in the immune response and removes dead cells in the central nervous system?

mircoglia

which of the following ions is primarily responsible for initiating the action potential in a neuron?

sodium

which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

production of oxygen

cartilage

is the connective tissue that cushions bone

Femur

longest bone in the body

stirrup

shortest bone in the body

joint

the connective tissue that keeps joints stable

ligament

the place where two bones come together

tendon

the connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

axial skeletal system

has 80 bones

appendicular skeletal system

has 126 bones

skull

has 22 bones

xiphoid process

bottom tip of the sternum

what is the condition called when the bone is out of joint?

dislocation

what is the condition called when the bone breaks?

fracture

what is the condition called when there is swelling in the joint?

sprain

what is the condition called when the joints become inflamed and stiff?

arthritis

what is the condition called when the spine has a curvature?

scoliosis

what is the condition called when the bones become brittle?

osteoporosis

what is the type of joint called where the cranium meets the vertebrae?

pivot

what type of joint is found in the knee?

hinge

what type of joint is found in the shoulder?

ball & socket

what type of joint is found in the vertebrae column?

gliding

which of the following is not a basic shape of bones?

mini

what is the most inner part of a bone?

marrow

what is the name of the top section of the vertebrae column?

cervical

what is the name of the middle section of the vertebral column?

thoracic

what is the lower part of the vertebrae column called?

lumbar

how many bones make up the spine?

26

how many ribs do we have as part of the rib cage?

24

what is formed in the bone marrow?

red blood cells

what is the name of the joint found in the skull?

fixed

what is bone is found on thumb side of the lower arm?

radius