photosystem light reaction and calvin cycle

Light energy is captured and transformed into

ATP and NADPH

electron transport chain (ETC) in the

chloroplasts uses light as its energy source.

Water acts as the initial electron donor,

undergoing oxidation to release electrons, protons, and oxygen.

Electrons move through

Photosystem II (PSIl), the B6F proton pump, and Photosystem I (PSI)

Proton pumps move H+ ions

from the stroma into the thylakoid space, forming a gradient

ATP synthase uses the H+ gradient to

synthesize ATP from ADP.

NADP+ reductase reduces NADP+ to NADPH using

high-energy electrons from PSI.

ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions power the

Calvin cycle

The Calvin cycle occurs

Stroma of chloroplast

Its main function is "carbon fixation,"

converting atmospheric CO2 into glucose.