LINGUISTICS MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW

What purpose does language serve?

Connection, transmission of information, maintaining/creating social order, organizing thoughts

b

voiced bilabial stop

p

voiceless bilabial stop

t

voiceless alveolar stop

d

voiced alveolar stop

k

voiceless velar stop

g

voiced velar stop

ʔ

voiceless glottal stop

m

voiced bilabial nasal

n

voiced alveolar nasal

ŋ

voiced velar nasal

ɾ

voiced alveolar flap

f

voiceless labiodental fricative

v

voiced labiodental fricative

θ

voiceless dental fricative

ð

voiced dental fricative

s

voiceless alveolar fricative

z

voiced alveolar fricative

ʃ

voiceless post-alveolar fricative

ʒ

voiced post-alveolar fricative

h

voiceless glottal fricative

ɹ

voiced post-alveolar approximant

j

voiced palatal approximant

l

voiced alveolar lateral approximant

voiceless bilabial stop

p

voiced bilabial stop

b

voiceless alveolar stop

t

voiced alveolar stop

d

voiceless velar stop

k

voiced velar stop

g

voiceless glottal stop

ʔ

voiced bilabial nasal

m

voiced alveolar nasal

n

voiced velar nasal

ŋ

voiceless labio-dental fricative

f

voiced labio-dental fricative

v

voiceless dental fricative

θ

voiced dental fricative

ð

voiceless alveolar fricative

s

ʃ

voiceless post-alveolar fricative

ʒ

voiced post-alveolar fricative

h

voiceless glottal fricative

voiced alveolar approximant

ɹ

voiced palatal approximant

j

voiced alveolar lateral approximant

l

nasals (there’s 3 of them!)

m, n, ŋ

fricatives (there’s 8 of them!)

f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ

approximants (there’s 2 of them!)

ɹ, j

lateral approximants

l

bilabials (there’s 3 of them!)

p, b, m

labiodentals (there’s 2 of them!)

f, v

dentals (there’s 2 of them!)

θ, ð

alveolars (there’s 8 of them!)

t, d, n, ɾ, s, z, ɹ, l

post-alveolars (there’s 2 of them!)

ʃ, ʒ

palatals

j

velars (there’s 3 of them!)

k, g, ŋ

glottals (there’s 2 of them!)

ʔ, h

articulatory phonetics

how speech sounds are produced

acoustic phonetics

the physical properties of sound waves produced by articulation

auditory phonetics

how sounds are perceived by the brain

What are the three systems required for speech?

power, source, and filter

Where does the power come from for speech?

Airstream from the lungs

Where is the body’s source of sound?

the larynx

Which body parts are part of the subglottal system?

the trachea and the lungs

Which body parts are part of the supraglottal system?

the nasal cavity and the oral cavity

Where are your vocal folds?

in your larynx

place of articulation

where sound is created (bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, etc)

where are alveolar sounds made?

in the alveolar ridge, behind your teeth

Where are post-alveolar sounds made?

right behind the alveolar ridge

Where are velar sounds made?

In the velum or the soft palate

What do stops in English entail?

a complete closure of the vocal tract

ʧ

voiceless alveo-palatal affricate

i

high front tense unrounded vowel

I

high front lax unrounded vowel

u

high back tense rounded vowel

ʊ

high back lax rounded vowel

e

mid front tense unrounded vowel

ɛ

mid front lax unrounded vowel

ə

unstressed syllable (and/or a mid central lax unrounded vowel)

o (as in mode, loan, sew)

mid back tense rounded vowel

a (as in aw as in draw, hot, mop, rock)

low central lax unrounded vowel

æ (as in cat, man, trap)

low front lax unrounded vowel

high front tense unrounded vowel

i

high front lax unrounded vowel

I

high back tense rounded vowel

u

high back lax rounded vowel

ʊ

mid front tense unrounded vowel

e

mid front lax unrounded vowel

ɛ

mid central lax unrounded vowel

ə

mid back tense rounded vowel

o

low central lax unrounded vowel

a

low front lax unrounded vowel

æ

ɚ

makes the er sound

Affricates

tʃ, dʒ

What’s the difference between dʒ and ʒ?

dʒ makes the j sound like jump, and ʒ makes the zhuh sound like pleasure

What’s the difference between ʃ and tʃ?

ʃ makes the sh sound like shoe, and tʃ makes the ch sound like chair

free morpheme

a morpheme that can stand on its own as a singular word

bound morpheme

a morpheme that cannot stand alone as its own word (un-, im-, -er)

lexical morpheme

a morpheme that has an actual concrete meaning (puppy, re-, kick) - importance here is CONTENT

grammatical morpheme

a morpheme that exists for grammatical purposes (I, she, the, of) and only has meaning in context