Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

what are carboxylic acids

molecule withe carbonyl group

naming carboxylic acids

suffix -anoic acids

but with an alkene - enoic acids

why do carboxylic acids have high solubility in water

can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

what is a dimer and type of intramolecular force

2 carboxylic molecules , hydrogen bonds

carboxylic acid + metal →

salt + hydrogen

carboxylic acid + metal hydroxide

salt + water

carboxylic aid + metal carbonate →

salt + water + carbon dioxide

naming anion in salt

ethonic → ethanoate

why can carboxylic acids acras as acids

they can ionize , loosing a proton

what makes carboxylic acid more stable

extra electron is delocalized over the atom

ester funcional group

how to make esters

carboxylic acids + alcohols -( H₂SO₄ and heat ) → esters + water

naming esters

ethanal acid + methanol → methyl ethanoate

what is reverse of ester formation called

ester hydrolysis

what catalyst needed for ester hydrolysis

strong acid

products of hydrolyisis esters in alkaline conditions

alcohols and carboxylate salt

glycerol structure

glycerols solubility in water

3 alcohol groups

forms loads of hydrogen bonds

very high solubility in water

uses of glycerol

solvent, plasterer , moisturizing agent

glycerol reactw with carboxylic acid to form

triester

glycerol reacts with long chain carboxylic acid to form

vegetable oil

what is a fat

tryester chin is so long that sold at room temp

how to hydolize oils and fats

like other esters

when hydrolyze oil/fat in alkane conditions

salt produced = soap

oil also reacts with metate , with what catalyst

OH^- catalyst

oil also reacts with metate , products

methyl esters formed that have a long chain can be used as a biodisel

what are carboxylic acid derivatives

molecules from a reaction including

what is an an acyl chloride

a derirative when acyl group reats with chlorin

reaction to form an acyl chlroide

RCOOH + SOCl₂ → RCOCL + SO₂ + HCl

naming acyl chloride

root no of carbon in max chain

suffix -anoyl chloride

how are acid anhydrides formed

2 molecules of ethanoic acid → remove 2H and O to form water

general formula for acid anhydrides

RCOOCOR

R(CO₂)O

how to name acid anydride

removing the - acid and replacing with anhydride

why is it impossible to measure solubility of acid anhydrides and acyl chloride

when reacted with water they both form carboxylic acid

how does acyl chloride react with water

violently

acyl chloride reacts with water to form

carboxylic acid + HCL

mechanism for acyl chloride with water

acyl chloride + alcahol forms

esters +HCL

reaction mechanism for acyl chloride + alcahol forms

acyl chloride reacts with excess amine to form

amide + ammonium chloride

reaction mechanism when acyl chloride reacts with excess amine

acyl chloride + primary amines form

secondary amines + Salt

reaction mechanism for acyl chloride + primary amines form

acyl anhydride + water

2 carboxylic acids

acyl anhydride +alcahol

ester + carboxylic acids

acyl anhydride + ammonia

primary amide + carboxylic salt

acyl anhydride + excess amonia

primary ammide + ammoniacarboxlic salt

acyl anhydride + excess primary ammine _> secondary amide + carboxylic salt

order of reactivity for acyl anhydrides, acyl chloride and carboxylic acids

acyl chloride > acyl anhydride > carboxylic acids

why do chemist prefer to use acyl anhydradride

acyl chloride so reactive

asprin products

saligic acid + ethonic anyhdride

why use ethanoic anyhydride ininstead of acyl chloride

less exothermic , easier to control

acyl chloride produces HCL dangerous gas

ethanoic anhydride , cheaper and easier to recylce