Final: Chapters 15-17

In the respiratory system, gas exchange takes place at:

alveoli

In the Respiratory System, microscopic Air Sacs are know as:

alveoli

Breathing quickly and deeply:

Hyperventilation

In Respiratory System, the air moves from highest to lowest pressure.

true

What is the membrane that surrounds the lungs:

pleural

The left lung has ________ lobes:

2 (superior and inferior)

The right lung has _______ lobes

3 (superior, middle, and inferior),
right lung

Right lung is:

larger than left lung

supplies each of the 5 lobes of the lung

A lobar bronchus

The lungs are separated medially by the mediastinum :

True

True or False

The primary bronchus and large blood vessels enter each lung on the medial surface:

True

Type of muscle in the bronchial tree:

Smooth

The Trachea is __________ to the Esophagus.

anterior

The laryngopharynx is _____________ to the Nasopharynx.

Inferior

The Nasopharynx is ______ to the laryngopharynx

superior

All are part of the upper respiratory tract, except:

trachea

The wall of the alimentary canal consists of _______ layers.

4

The inner most layer of the alimentary canal is:

mucosa

The soft palate is _________ to the Hard palate.

posterior

The oropharynx is ______________ to the Nasopharynx.

Inferior

Structure at the distal portion of the esophagus:

Second portion of the small intestine:

jejum

You will locate the appendix in this area:

cecum

Bile is stored at ____________.

gallbladder

refers to the mechanical and chemical breakdown
of foods and absorption of nutrients

Digestion

breaks down large pieces of food into
smaller ones; chemical composition is not changed by this
process

mechanical digestion

breaks down large nutrient molecules into
smaller chemicals, by breaking chemical bonds

chemical digestion

The digestive system consists of ------------------, leading
from mouth to anus, and several _________whose
secretions aid the processes of digestion

the alimentary canal , accessory organs

• Muscular tube that passes through thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities.

• 8 meters long

• Passageway between mouth and anus

Alimentary Canal

• The inner layer of the wall

• A mucous membrane that surrounds the lumen of the tube

• Consists of epithelium, underlying connective tissue, a little
smooth muscle

Mucosa

• Lies under the mucosa

• Consists of loose connective tissue, housing blood and lymphatic
vessels, nerves, and glands

• Nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal

Submucosa

The muscular layer consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle, inner
circular fibers and outer longitudinal fibers

• Propels food through the canal

Muscularis

• The outer serous layer, or visceral peritoneum
• Protects underlying tissues, and secretes serous fluid to reduce friction
between abdominal organs

Serosa

What are the 2 motor functions of the alimentary canal?

1. Mixing Movements

2. Propelling Movements

• Occur when smooth muscles contract rhythmically in small
sections of the alimentary tube

Mixing Movements

• Include a wavelike motion called peristalsis

• A ring of contraction in a portion of the tube occurs, while
relaxation occurs ahead of the ring

• This allows a mass of food to be propelled to the next
a segment of the tube

Propelling Movements

What are the major salivary glands?

1. Paratoid Glands

2. Submandibular Glands

3. Sublingual Glands

lying in front of the ear, are the largest
of the major salivary glands; they secrete a clear, watery
(serous) fluid rich in amylase

Paratoid Glands

located in the floor of the
mouth, secrete a more viscous fluid (serous and mucous)
than the parotid glands

Submandibular Glands

inferior to the tongue, are the
smallest of the major salivary glands; they secrete a saliva
that is thick and stringy (mucous)

Sublingual Glands

The cavity lying posterior to the mouth

Pharynx

What is the structure of the pharynx:

1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx

top portion, air passage behind nasal cavity

Nasopharynx

middle portion, passageway for food and air

Oropharynx

bottom portion, passageway to esophagus

Laryngopharynx

a straight, collapsible food passageway
leading to the stomach

esophagus

The esophagus goes through an opening in the diaphragm,
called the

esophageal hiatus

helps to prevent
regurgitation of the stomach contents into the esophagus

lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter

a J-shaped muscular organ in the upper left
abdominal quadrant

the stomach

What are the functions of the stomach?

• Receives food from esophagus

• Mixes food with digestive juices

• Begins digestion of proteins

• Limited absorption of nutrients occurs in stomach

• Propels food to the small intestine

The stomach is divided into what regions?

1. Cardia
2. Fundus
3. Body Region
4.Pylorus

a small region near opening to the esophagus

cardia

main portion of the stomach, between
fundus and pylorus

Body Region

a small, rounded region superior to the cardia

Fundus

distal portion, near the small intestine

pylorus

a narrowed area close to small intestine is called the:

Pyloric canal

at end of the pyloric canal, is a
muscular ring that controls release of food from the
stomach into the small intestine

pyloric sphincter

What are the 3 secretory cells the gastric glands contain?

1. Mucous cells
2. Chief cells
3. Parietal cells

cells that produce mucous to protect the lining of the stomach

Mucous cells

-secrete pepsin (to digest protein) as inactive pepsinogen
-Pepsinogen is activated when it comes in contact with hydrochloric acid.

Chief cells

Cells that secrete hydrochloric acid, which activates pepsinogen and intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption

Parietal cells

What do mucous, chief and parietal cells form together?

gastric juice

After a meal, mixing actions of the stomach turn the food into a
pasty mixture of food and gastric juice, called

chyme

What are the accessory organs?

pancreas, liver and gallbladder

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

To produce pancreatic juice to aid with digestion

The pancreas is closely associated with the:

small intestine

What cells make up most of the pancreas and produce pancreatic juice?

Pancreatic acinar cells

Acinar cells cluster around tiny tubes that merge to form larger
ones, and then give rise to the:

Pancreatic duct

what regulates passage of pancreatic
juice and bile into the duodenum?

hepatopancreatic sphincter

What does pancreatic juice contain?

enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats,
proteins, and nucleic acids

breaks down complex carbohydrates (starch and
glycogen) to disaccharides

Pancreatic amylase

breaks down triglycerides to glycerol and fatty
acids

Pancreatic lipase

located in the upper right quadrant
of the abdominal cavity, is the body’s largest internal organ

liver

How is the liver divided?

into large right and left lobes, and is
enclosed by a fibrous capsule

Blood from the _______ carries blood rich in
nutrients to the liver

hepatic portal vein

What cells carry on phagocytosis in the liver?

Kupffer Cells

What duct transports bile out of the liver

The common hepatic duct

What is the liver responsible for?

Responsible for many metabolic activities such as the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

The liver's role in digestion is to secrete bile

a yellowish-green liquid that hepatic cells secrete
continuously

Bile

a pear-shaped sac on the inferior surface of the
liver

gallbladder

What does the gallbladder do?

Stores bile between meals and reabsorbs water to concentrate
the bile

Bile does not normally enter the duodenum until the
hormone stimulates the gallbladder to
contract

cholecystokinin (CCK)

help certain digestive enzymes break down food
molecules

Bile salts

is a long tubular organ, which runs from the
pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the beginning of the large
intestine

small intestine

What are the functions of the small intestine?

• Receives chyme from stomach
• Receives pancreatic juice from pancreas and bile from liver
and gallbladder
• Finishes digestion of nutrients that arrive in the chyme

The small intestine consists of?

1.duodenum
2.jejunum
3. ileum

the shortest and most fixed portion of the small
intestine; the stomach empties chyme directly into it.

duodenum

makes up the proximal two-fifths of the small intestine,
has a slightly larger diameter than the ileum, and is more active in the
digestion process

jejunum

the most distal portion of the small intestine

ileum

What is The inner wall of the small intestine is lined with?

finger-like
intestinal villi, which greatly increase the surface area
available for absorption and aid in mixing actions

named “large” because its diameter is
larger than the diameter of the small intestine

named “large” because its diameter is
larger than the diameter of the small intestine

How long is the large intestine?

1.5 meters long

what are the parts of the large intestine?

1. cecum
2.colon
3.rectum
4. anal canal

a pouch at the beginning of the large intestine, with
the appendix projecting downward from it

cecum

consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, and
sigmoid regions

colon

a straight section of the large intestine, which lies
next to the sacrum

rectum

opens to the outside as the anus; guarded by an
involuntary internal anal sphincter and a voluntary external
anal sphincter

anal canal

What does the wall of the large intestine lack?

villi

What is the first portion of the alimentary canal

mouth

Functions of the mouth

to receive food, and begins mechanical digestion
by mastication (chewing)