WSU SLP 5080 week 13 diacritic descriptions

allophonic ‘rules’

coarticulatory effects have characteristic patterns that are predictable but gradient in nature; dependent on phonological environment

nasalization

allophonic change that happens when syllables are closed by a nasal consonant

allophonic change transcriptions

/ / replaced by [ ]; diacritics/symbols that indicate coarticulatory effects added to phoneme’s IPA symbol

release symbols

describe release and audible bursts of airflow

aspirated [xʰ]

voiceless stops before stressed vowels; audible passing of air after release of burst noise, eg [pʰɑp]

unaspirated [x˭]

voiceless stops preceding or following fricatives, also before another voiceless stop; eg [st˭ebɫ], [sp˭ɛʃɫ]

unreleased [x̚]

syllable-final stops; produced without an audible burst; eg [na͡ɪt̚]

lateral release [xˈ]

stops before a lateral; release of burst into a lateral; sometimes transcribed as a tap; eg [pˈlɪz]

voicing symbols

describes change to sound source

partially devoiced [x̥]

syllable final stops are commonly devoiced in English and sometimes syllable final fricatives are partially devoiced; can also occur when a voiced consonant precedes a voiceless consonant; eg [dɑg̥]

partially voiced [x̬]

voiceless consonant before voiced consonant or a vowel; eg [æbs̬ɛnt]

nasalized [x̃]

describes velopharyngeal functioning; oral airflow of vowels redirected through the nose; vowels in syllables closed by a nasal consonant; eg [mæ̃n]

labialized [xʷ]

describes rounding of unrounded phonemes; common before a labial consonant or vowel; eg [kʷwin]

dentalized [x̪]

alveolars /d n l/ before interdentals /θ ð/; most common across word boundaries; eg small thing [smɔl ̪ θɪŋ]

palatalized [xʲ]

produced with palatal contact; alveolars & velars before palatal consonants; eg [stʲɹit]

velarized [~]

the ‘l’ in ‘belt’ as in dark l; /l/ in final position

rhotacized tail [ɝ ɚ]

consonants or vowels near /ɹ/

syllabic consonant [xˌ]

denotes consonant acting as syllable nucleus; word-final liquids & nasals; eg [bʌtnˌ]

lengthened [xː]

timing symbol applied to consonants & vowels; vowels in stressed syllables are longer; eg [siː]

articulatory descriptions of allophones

diacritic term added before phoneme’s primary articulatory description; eg [kʰ] → aspirated voiceless velar stop; if more than one diacritic term all are added before articulatory description & order doesn’t matter

allophones not caused by coarticulation

some sound changes are predictable, but do not have apparent bias in coarticulation; changes can result from dialectal differences & foreign accents; sound changes in disordered speech are NOT based on coarticulation

allophones not caused by coarticulation however…

narrow transcription using the same diacritics are used to represent sound changes, regardless of why they occur

nasal emission [͋]

noise released through the nose due to velopharyngeal incompetence; could be cleft palate or other craniofacial anomalies, some genetic; weak and/or omitted consonants

denasalization [◌͊]

resonance disorder due to restricted airflow through the nose; multiple etiologies

breathy voice [◌̤]

vocal folds do not adequately close due to dysarthria, intubation, nodules, or polyps

glottal fry