Ch.10 Psychomotor Stimulants: Types, Effects, and Treatments

What neurotransmitters do psychomotor stimulants stimulate?

Epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), or serotonin (5-HT)

What is the primary herb used in traditional Chinese medicine for respiratory issues?

Ephedra (ma huang)

What are some health risks associated with ephedrine?

Headache, dizziness, heart irregularities, seizures, & death.

What are Adderall & Dexedrine used to treat?

ADHD & narcolepsy.

When were amphetamines first developed?

1887

What is methamphetamine commonly synthesized from?

Cold medication containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine.

What is the primary use of methylphenidate?

Treatment of ADHD & narcolepsy.

historical significance of coca leaves?

Chewing coca leaves has been practiced by South American Indians for centuries.

What is crack cocaine?

Cocaine HCl mixed with baking soda, forming crystalline chunks that are smoked.

What act regulated cocaine production and distribution in 1914?

Harrison Narcotic Act

What are 'bath salts' in the context of stimulant drugs?

Synthetic drugs like methcathinone/mephedrone, banned by the Prevention of Synthetic Drugs Act of 2012.

How do amphetamines affect neurotransmitter reuptake?

They are competitive substrates that reverse transport direction & impair monoamine oxidase (MAO) function.

What are common effects of stimulant drugs on the body?

Vasodilation, bronchodilation, appetite suppression, and increased concentration.

What is the relationship between cocaine dose & mood?

Higher doses can lead to increased euphoria but also negative mood effects.

What is tolerance in the context of stimulant drugs?

A reduced response to a drug after repeated use, requiring higher doses for the same effect.

What are some withdrawal symptoms from stimulant drugs?

Depression, anxiety, change in appetite, sleep disturbance, & craving.

What are the harmful effects of stimulant drugs on growth?

Reduction in growth & potential liver damage.

What is the lethal dose of cocaine dependent on?

The route of administration & sudden increase in drug levels.

What are some treatment options for cocaine addiction?

Behavioral therapies & drugs like modafinil & bupropion.

What is the effect of high doses of cocaine on sexual activity in males?

Disruption of sexual activity.

What is the phase 1 symptom of cocaine overdose?

Excitement, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, & severe convulsions.

What is the effect of stimulants on athletic performance?

Increased endurance & less fatigue.

What is the risk of driving under the influence of stimulants?

2.3x more likely to be killed in an automobile accident.

What is the effect of stimulants on attention and impulse control in ADHD?

They increase dopaminergic and noradrenergic activity, improving attention & impulse control.

What is the impact of stimulants on conditioned behavior in animals?

increase or decrease rate of responding depending on the behavior type.

What is the effect of stimulants on nonhuman animals' unconditioned behavior?

Can lead to automutilation & stereotyped behavior.

What is the term for the behavior of compulsively using a drug?

Self-administration

What are the indirect harmful effects of stimulant drugs?

Lifestyle-related issues such as disease contraction & antisocial behavior.