NUR2990 Final Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes to help prepare for the final exam.

What are some key post-operative care measures for amputation patients?

Positioning, ROM exercises, sandbags on the residual limb, and compression sock use.

What therapeutic communication techniques are important for patients after amputation?

Acknowledge the patient's feelings, ask about their support system, and inquire about their coping mechanisms.

What positions help prevent contractures after amputation?

Side-to-side and prone positioning.

What are the main symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

Muscle weakness, ptosis, double vision (diplopia), and nasal-sounding voice (dysphonia).

What is the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis?

Acetylcholine receptor sites are blocked, leading to grave muscle weakness. Dopamine levels are low.

What are the phases of a seizure?

Pre-ictal (aura, halos, smells), absence (blank stare), tonic, clonic, and post-ictal (confusion, tiredness, irritation).

What nursing care is crucial during the post-ictal phase?

Reorient the patient and be aware of potential dehydration and choking hazards.

What are common symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Tremors (fine, intentional), muscle spasms, ataxia, lassitude, muscle weakness, and fatigue.

Why is it important for MS patients to stay in a cool environment?

They are heat intolerant; fatigue is exacerbated by heat.

How does cancer spread?

Through lymph nodes, seeding, projection, and bloodstream.

What are the different kinds of biopsies?

Incisional (a cut to take a cell sample), excisional (removal of the entire mass), and needle biopsy (needle aspiration of cells).

What are the nursing considerations for internal radiation?

Monitor for extravasation if dislodged, limit patient movement, and maintain an indwelling catheter.

What nursing interventions help cervical and bladder cancer treatment?

Feet elevated, mobility antidiarrheal medications to prevent bowl straining

What nursing instructions help maintain distance from people

Brachi/tele radiation

What are common etiologies of cancer?

Diet, smoking, radiation, environment, family history, irritation, medications, viruses, and hormones.

What are the signs and symptoms of emphysema?

Barrel chest, shortness of breath (SOB), hypoxia, cyanosis, and chronic cough.

What lung sounds are associated with COPD?

Crackles and often an unproductive cough (though chronic bronchitis and emphysema may present with a productive cough.)

What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?

Bronchoconstriction and wheezing; absence of sound may indicate total obstruction.

What is the typical treatment duration for TB?

6-12 months

What is the difference between community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)?

CAP develops 48 hours before hospital admission; HAP develops during or within 48 hours of hospital stay.

What respiratory complications are associated with pneumonia?

Atelectasis (treated with incentive spirometer), pleural effusion, emphysema, COPD, hypoxia, and respiratory acidosis.

What are the signs of weak alveoli and infection?

Collapse causes bleeding in the lungs, rust-colored sputum, and potential sepsis.

How can peripheral vascular disease (PVD) be prevented?

Compression stockings, anticoagulants, sequential compression devices (SCDs), avoiding knee-gatch position.

What causes PVD?

Atherosclerosis, venous ulcers, DVT, immobility, and hemostasis.

What position is helpful for PAD?

Dependent position (hanging legs)

What instruction do you give for PAD and pain?

Walk until you feel claudication pain, then rest.

What lifestyle modifications are recommended for prehypertension?

Diet and exercise.

What medications are typically used to treat hypertension?

Diuretics (thiazide), beta blockers, and ACE inhibitors.

What are the T3 & T4 levels in hyper and hypo thyroidism?

T3 & T4 elevated in hyperthyroidism, low in hypothyroidism

What should you monitor for after thyroid surgery?

Calcium gluconate, sandbags, pooling of blood behind neck, avoid hyperextension of neck-hold support their necks.

What are signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery?

Numbness, tingling, tetany, seizures

What are the treatment options for gallstones?

Laparoscopic surgery to remove gallbladder and lithotripsy.

What are the 3 P's of diabetes?

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

What treatment should you give in early hypoglycemia?

Cold and clammy, give candy

What are the post-operative precautions following a total hip replacement?

Sit at a 90-degree angle, avoid adduction, use a high seat toilet, and refrain from driving for 6-8 weeks. do not cross legs, don't bend,reach, pivot.

What are the stages of fracture healing?

Hematoma, reparative (cartilage formation), remodeling (callous uniting ends of the bone).

How should a fractured extremity be positioned?

Elevated to the level of the heart.

What medications are used to treat osteoporosis?

Alendronate and diphosphonates (to build bone mass).

What medications prevent DVT?

Lovenox, enoxaparin.

In what order do blood and lungs act imbalanced?

Blood immediately, lungs second.

What happen to electrolytes in dehydration?

Electrolytes increase.

What are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?

Numbness, spasms, tetany, seizures, cramps, positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs (hyperactive reflexes).

What does PQRST stand for?

P-Palliation, Q-Quality, R-Radiation, S-Severity, T-Time

When should you apply ice to a strained muscle?

Quickly apply ice for 1 hour at a time for strains.

What is the most effective treatment for pain?

Prevention

Give an example of around the clock pain medication.

Ex. Ibuprofen around the clock, to prevent pain, wake up patient to give meds before hand(PCA)

What are precautions for patient with aplastic anemia?

No flowers, plants, neutropenic precautions, low WBC

What are some precautions for iron deficiency anemia?

Use a straw to avoid staining teeth, avoid milk, and take iron with orange juice.

What is the most lethal form of skin cancer?

Melanoma

GI :Ostomy

Pink, beefy, red, moist

When should a patient take antacids?

After eating

Give examples of GERD medications?

Famotidine at night, PPIs at night

Explain the difference between crohns and ulcerative colitis.

Crohns is in spots with fatty stools. Ulcerative Colitis is starts from the rectum going up, bloody stools and mucus