Research Methods and Design

The experimental methodology is a ______ approach

Systematic

The experimental methodology is designed to be carried out under:

Controlled conditions

The goal of the experimental methodology is to test a:

Hypothesis

The goal of the experimental methodology is to establish a:

Causal relationship between independent and dependent variable

The experimental method ______ behaviors

Explains

Non-experimental methodologies are used in research where a ______ is not possible or ethical

Controlled experiment

Non-experimental methods ______ behavior

Describe

Non-experimental methods cannot ______ behavior

Explain

Non-experimental methods cannot be used to establish a:

Causal relationship between independent and dependent variables

Non-experimental methods include:

Case studies, correlational studies, meta-analysis, naturalistic observation

A case study examines:

An individual, group of people, event, or situation

A case study provides:

Detailed information and insight into the topic of interest

A study focused on Phineas Gage, who survived a metal rod impaling his frontal lobe

Which concept is demonstrated above?

Case study

Case studies can be impacted by the:

Hawthorne effect

The Hawthorne effect is when the subject of the study:

Alters their behavior

The subject of a study may alter their behavior due to them being aware that:

They are being observed

Employees work harder during a supervisor's visit

Which concept is demonstrated above?

Hawthorne effect

Correlational studies allow researchers to gain insight into:

Relationship between two variables

Correlational studies can be used to determine the:

Strength of relationship between two variables

Correlational studies do not show:

Cause and effect

The only way to gain insight into causation is through a:

Controlled experiment

Non-experimental methods are always at risk of a ______ impacting the study

Third variable

A study examines the link between study habits and academic performance

Which concept is demonstrated here?

Correlational study

The third variable problem is when a ______ impacts the study

Third variable

Confounding variables were ______ when creating the parameters of the study

Not accounted for

A study finds that there is a positive relationship between church attendance and longer lifespan, but the religion itself does not cause longer lifespan, but rather a healthier lifestyle

Which concept is demonstrated above?

Third variable problem

Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that ______

Combines the results of multiple studies on the same topic

In meta-analysis, results from multiple studies on the same topic are combined to:

Reach a conclusion

Meta-analysis studies:

Studies

Meta-analysis does not look at:

Participants

A study combining the results from many studies on CBT effectiveness for depression

Which concept is demonstrated above?

Meta-analysis

Naturalistic observation is when the researcher:

Observes individuals in a real world setting

The goal of naturalistic observation is to gather ______ data

Authentic

One problem is of naturalistic observation is that if the observation is too short, the observer may not have:

Proper context for what they are observing

A person observed the happenings of a school during 2021, seeing procedures like social distancing, mask wearing, temperature taking, and other medical measures. He does not know that covid is happening and thus concludes that these events are what typically happen in a school.

What is this an example of?

Disadvantage of naturalistic observation in failing to provide proper context when observation time is too short

In the woods, Jane Goodall observed how chimpanzees ate, slept, and interacted with each other

Which concept is demonstrated here?

Naturalistic observation

A hypothesis is a:

Specific, testable prediction about the relationship between multiple variables

Before conducting the Bobo-Doll experiment, Albert Bandura predicted that children who observed violent behaviors of adults would copy those behaviors and violently treat the doll in the room.

Which concept is demonstrated here?

Hypothesis

A theory is supported by:

Data from research that has been completed

A theory explains a:

Question, thought, or phenomena

Theories are based on:

Tested hypotheses

Theories allow us to:

Make predictions about how things are and what might happen in the future

After observing that children modeled adults’ aggressive behaviors in the Bobo-Doll experiment, Albert Bandura proposed a ______ called the Bandura's Social Learning Theory

Theory

A hypothesis must be:

Falsifiable

A hypothesis being falsifiable means that it can be:

Proven wrong

Researchers hypothesized that students who sleep more get higher grades. This hypothesis can be proven right or false with experimentation.

Which concept is demonstrated here?

Falsifiability

After setting a hypothesis, researchers need to identify the:

Operational definitions

Operational definitions outline the:

Exact procedures

Operational definitions outline how:

Variables are measured or manipulated

Having operational definitions allow for other researchers to:

Replicate the study

In an experiment studying sleep’s effect on grades, researchers define “more sleep” as “at least 8 hours of continuous sleep the night before the exam, tracked by apple watches”, while “less sleep” is defined as “less than 8 hours of continuous sleep the night before the exam, tracked by apple watches”, and the exam is defined as “the AP Psychology National Exam”, and grades is measured on a scale of 1 to 4 as reported on a students’ semester grade report

Which concept is demonstrated here?

Operational definition

An independent variable is what is being:

Manipulated or controlled

The independent variable is the:

Cause

In an experiment testing the effect of a therapy on depression, the presence or absence of the therapy is the _____ and severity of depression is the ______

Independent variable; dependent variable

The dependent variable is the:

Measured outcome

Confounding variables are factors other than the ______ that could impact the ______

Independent variable, dependent variable

Confounding variables are variables that the researcher was not able to:

Remove

In a study studying sleep’s impact on grades, outside factors like study habits, amount of stress, and overall health could affect results regardless of amount of sleep

Which concept is demonstrated here?

Confounding variables

The more control in a study, the less ______ there will be

Confounding variables

In the real world, controlling confounding variables is:

Not always possible

The more you try to control an experiment, the more you risk creating an:

Inauthentic environment

In an inauthentic experiment, confounding variables can be created due to:

Participants changing their behaviors

The population refers to the:

Entire group being studied

The sample is the:

Selected group of individuals in a population

The sample is selected to:

Represent the population

If a study is conducted on ICS, the entire student body is the ______ and the selected students would make up the ______

Population; sample

When selecting individuals from a population to create a sample group, researchers can use:

Random or stratified sampling

Random sampling is when each individual in a population has:

Equal chance of participating in study

Stratified sampling is when the population is:

Divided into different subcategories

In stratified sampling, a random sample is taken from:

Each subcategory

Researchers want to study student morale at a high school, so they assign each of the 100 freshmen a number, put them in a hat (or use a random number generator), and draw 30 names

Which concept is demonstrated above?

Random sampling

Researchers study college students by splitting them into freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors, then picking a set number from each year to reflect overall university demographics

Which concept is demonstrated above?

Stratified sampling

When researchers create a sample, the goal is always to:

Create a representative sample

If a sample is representative, that means that it:

Represents all the different people in the population

One issue that comes up when picking a sample group is:

Sampling bias

In a study, a sample of students is gathered from schools from various grade levels, countries, cultures, sexes, ages, etc.

Which concept is demonstrated above?

Representative sample

Sampling bias is when the sample group representing the population in the study does not:

Represent the entire population

Sampling bias occurs when ______ is flawed

The process of picking the sample

In a study, women are more likely to be selected than men, causing them to be overrepresented

Which concept is represented above?

Sampling bias

One reason why sampling bias happens is:

Convenience sampling

Convenience sampling is when individuals are selected to participate in a study based on their:

Availability

Convenience sampling limits the ______ of the results

Generalizability

A study on stress levels gives questionnaires to the first 50 people leaving a yoga class

Which concept is demonstrated above?

Convenience sampling

Generalizability is the extent to which the findings of a study can be:

Applied to the larger population

If a study determines that a memory test works well on 20 year olds in different countries, then it is only generalizable to:

20 year olds

Once a sample group is picked, researchers need to set the:

Experimental and control group

The experiment group is the group in an experiment that:

Receives the independent variable

The control group gets a:

Placebo

The control group is also called the:

Placebo group

In a study on a new memory drug, the ______ group takes the drug, and the ______ group takes a sugar pill, which is the ______

Experimental; control; placebo

A placebo is something that is:

As close to the independent variable as possible

A placebo is missing a:

Key component of the independent variable

A placebo does not:

Impact the participants

A placebo does not let the participants:

Know they are not receiving actual independent variable

In order to determine who is put into the experimental and control group, researchers use:

Random assignment

Random assignment is when participants are:

Randomly assigned into the control of experimental group

A study that has appropriate representation of population has a sample that:

Accurately reflects demographics and characteristics of population

If a study has appropriate representation of population, its results are more likely to be:

Valid, generalizable

An appropriate representation of population reduces the chance of ______ impacting the study

Bias

Is it always possible for participants to be randomly assigned into an experimental or control group?

No