ap hug midterm prep

Space:

The area or surface of the Earth that includes physical features, buildings, and natural elements.

Activity space:

The specific area where certain activities take place, like a national park or wildlife preserve.

Place:

A particular location with its own physical and human characteristics.

Toponym:

The name given to a place, often chosen to reflect its significance or historical background.

Place-specific cultures:

The unique patterns of behavior and customs that develop in a specific place over time.

Homogeneous:

Describing a region or group of elements that have similar characteristics or attributes.

Formal regions:

Areas with defined boundaries that share specific criteria or characteristics.

Environmental region:

A geographic area defined by its distinct natural features and ecosystems.

Ecotone:

The transitional zone where two different ecosystems meet.

Cultural region:

An area characterized by shared cultural characteristics, such as language or customs.

Functional region:

An area centered around a central point or node, with interactions and connections radiating from that point.

Market area:

The geographic region that includes the customers and potential customers of a business or market.

Vernacular region:

A region defined by people's perceptions and beliefs about a particular place.

Absolute location:

The precise coordinates of a specific point on the Earth's surface.

Relative location:

The position of a place in relation to other places or features.

Scale:

 the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.

Relative scale:

the level of detail or magnification used to study a geographic phenomenon, which can range from global to local perspectives

Distance:

The separation or extent between two points or places.

Linear distance:

The direct distance between two points on a map or the Earth's surface.

Distance decay:

The concept that interactions between places decrease as the distance between them increases.

Tobler's Law:

The idea that closer things are more related than distant things.

Site:

The physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant

Situation:

The location of a place relative to its surrounding features.

Space-time compression:

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation system

Core region:

The central area where most important activities and economic features are concentrated.

Node:

A central point or location of human activity.

Marketplace:

A location where goods and services are bought and sold.

Central business district:

The main commercial and economic area of a city.

Spatial patterns:

 patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation.

Clusters:

Groups of things or activities that are close together.

Land survey patterns:

Different methods or systems used to divide and measure land.

Metes and bounds:

This system uses physical features of local geography along with directions and distances to define and describe boundaries of land parcels.

Townships and ranges:

A land survey system that divides land into square sections.

Long line lots:

A land survey pattern where lots have a long, narrow shape that follows natural features like rivers or roads.

Density:

The number of people, animals, or things in a given area.

Population density:

The number of people per unit of area in a specific region.

Diffusion:

The spread or movement of something from one place to another.

Hierarchical diffusion:

 when an idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals. Think of the chain of command in businesses, and the government.

Contagious diffusion:

the process of an idea being spread rapidly throughout the population; all places and individuals in the region are affected.

Stimulus diffusion:

occurs when a culture changes as it spreads from its original point. It may or may not stay the same in the original location, but the further it spreads, the more it changes. For example, football culture has changed dramatically over the years in different parts of the world.

Expansion diffusion:

is when innovations spread to new places while staying strong in their original locations. For example, Islam has spread throughout the world, yet stayed strong in the Middle East, where it was founded.

Relocation diffusion:

 occurs when people move from their original location to another and bring their innovations with them. Immigration from country to country, city to city, etc. As they relocate to a new location, they bring their ideas, and cultural traditions such as food, music, and more.

Map:

A visual representation of the Earth's surface or a specific area, showing its features and relationships.

Spatial analysis:

The examination and interpretation of spatial patterns and relationships using geographic data.

Topographic maps:

Maps that show the physical features of an area, such as elevation, landforms, and vegetation

Thematic maps:

Maps that focus on specific themes or topics, such as population, climate, or land use.

Choropleth maps:

Maps that use colors or shading to represent different values of 8 specific variables within predefined areas.

Isoline maps:

Maps that use lines to connect points of equal value for a specific variables, like temperature or elevation.

Dot density maps:

Maps that use dots to represent the quantity or density of a specific phenomenon in a given area.

Flow line maps:

Maps that use lines of varying thickness to show the flow cr movement of people, goods, or information between locations.

Cartograms:

Maps that distort the size or shape of geographic areas to represent a specific variable, such as population or economic activity.

Map scale:

The relationship between distances on a map and the actual distances on the Earth's surface.

Projections:

Methods used to represent the Earth's curved surface on a flat map, which can distort certain aspects like shape, size, distance,or direction.

Models:

Simplified representations or frameworks used to understand and explain complex spatial relationships and processes.

Spatial models:

Models that focus on spatial relationships and interactions between variables.

Concentric zone model:

A model describing the internal structure of cities as a series of concentric rings with different land uses.

Gravity model:

A mathematical model is used to understand the interactions and movements between two locations. It states that the volume of interaction is directly related to the population sizes of the two places and inversely related to the distance between them. The model helps explain various spatial interactions, such as migration and trade flows, based on population size and distance.

GIS (Geographic Information System):

A computer-based system used to capture, store, analyze, and visualize geographic da

Data layers:

Individual sets of spatial data that represent specific geographic features or attributes.

GPS (Global Positioning System):

A satellite-based navigation system used to determine precise location coordinates on Earth.

Navstar satellites:

A constellation of satellites that make up the Global Positioning System (GPS).

Aerial photography:

Capturing photographs of the Earth's surface from an elevated position, typically using aircraft or savellites.

Remote sensing:

Collecting data about the Earth's surface from a distance, using sensors or instruments on satellites or aircraft.

Infrared readings:

Data collected by sensors that detect and measure the infrared radiation emitted or reflected by objects on the Earth's surface.

Demography:

The study of population changes, including birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration.

RNI (Rate of Natural Increase)

: The difference between birth and death rates indicates population growth or decline.

CBR (Crude Birth Rate):

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given time.

infant mortality:

The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

Emigration:

Leaving one's home country to settle in another country.

immigration:

Entering and settling in a country different from one's own,

CDR (Crude Death Rate):

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given time,

:Demographic Equation:

A formula considering birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration to calculate population change.

Migration:

The movement of individuals from one place to another, whether within a country or between countries.

Negative net migration:

More people leaving a country than entering it, decreasing population size.

Negative RNI:

When the death rate exceeds the birth rate, causing a population decline.

TFR (Total Fertility Rate):

The average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years,indicating fertility levels,

DTM:

The Demographic Transition Model is a framework that explains population changes as societies develop.

DTM Stage One:

characterized by high birth and death rates in societies engaged in hunting, gathering, and subsistence farming.

DTM Stage Two:

death rates decrease while birth rates remain high due to improved agriculture, leading to rapid population growth.

DTM Stage Three:

marks a decline in birth rates due to improved healthcare and socioeconomic changes, while death rates continue to decline.

DTM Stage Four:

represents low birth and death rates, resulting in near-balanced population growth or a slight decline in highly developed societies.

S-shaped Curve:

The S-shaped curve shows the pattern of population growth, starting slow, accelerating, and eventually stabilizing as the population reaches its environmental limit.

ETM:

The Epidemiological Transition Model explains the shift from infectious to non-communicable diseases as the leading causes of death.

NICs:

Newly Industrialized Countries have recently experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth.

MDCs:

More Developed Countries have achieved high levels of industrialization, advanced healthcare, and economic prosperity.

Carrying Capacity:

the maximum sustainable population size an environment can support.

Hunter-gather:

Hunter-gatherers rely on hunting, gathering, and subsistence farming for survival.

Kinship Bands:

Kinship bands are small social units composed of individuals related by blood or marital arrangements.

Primate City:

a country or region's largest and most influential city.

Subsistence farming:

The main goal is to produce enough food for the farmer and their family's survival rather than for selling or commercial purposes.

Industrial Revolution:

The Industrial Revolution refers to rapid industrialization and technological advancements in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Joseph Bazalgette

was an influential English engineer known for his significant contribution to public health in London during the 19th century. He designed and implemented a comprehensive sewage system that significantly improved sanitation and hygiene in the city.

Otto Von Bismarck:

He was known for created the world’s first comprehensive social insurance system for Germany

One-child policy:

The "One Child Policy" was a Chinese population control measure limiting urban couples to having only one child.

Gender Imbalance:

Gender imbalance refers to an unequal ratio of males to females in a population.

Zero Population Growth:

Zero Population Growth occurs when the birth rate equals the death rate, resulting in a stable population size.

Thomas Malthus:

He was an economist and thinker from the past who talked about population growth and its consequences. He warned that if the population keeps increasing rapidly and resources don't keep up, we could face scarcity, poverty, and other problems.

J-curve:

It's a graph that shows how populations grow really fast over time. At first, it starts slow, but then it shoots up like a J shape. It happens when there's a lot of babies being born and not enough limitations on resources.

Neo-Malthusians:

These are modern thinkers who share similar concerns with Malthus about overpopulation and limited resources. They believe if we don't control our population, it could lead to environmental issues and social problems.

Population Pyramids:

These are visuals that show the age and gender distribution of a country's population. They help us understand the demographic makeup of a place.