Exam 1 chapt 1,5,6 Study guide flash cards

Homeostasis

The tendency of the living body to detect change and activate mechanisms to maintain consistant/ optimal internal conditions.

Negative feedback

Fundamental mechanism where the body detects change and uses mechanisms to reverse that change

Negative Feedback

Cutaneous vasoconstriction and shivering set in when the body temperature falls too low, and soon raise it. Cutaneous vasodilation and sweating set in when body temperature rises too high, and soon lower it.

Negative Feedback loop

One of these is vasodilation (VAY-zo-dy-LAY-shun), the widening of blood vessels. When vessels of the skin dilate, warm blood flows closer to the body surface and loses heat to the surrounding air. If this isn't enough to return your temperature to normal, sweating occurs; the evaporation of water from the skin has a powerful cooling effect

Vasodilation

negative feedback look

sweating - water from the skin evaportates

negative feedback loop

Positive feedback

self amplifying process where physiological change leads to change in same directions

Positive Feedback Loop

Babies Head pushes on the cervix, Nerves send signal to the brain, brain tells pituatary glands to secrete oxytocin, oxytocin allows for contractions.

The three components of a feedback loop

• Receptor

• integrating center'

• effector

receptor

structure that senses change in the body (stretch receptor)

integrating center

control center/ part of the brain that processes the information and makes the decision on the appropriate responce

The effector

cell/ organ that carries out the corrective action

Anatomy

The study of Form

Anatomical variation

Differences in the physical structure or appearance of the body between individuals.

Anatomical Variations

For example, most of us have a palmaris longus muscle in the forearm and a plantaris muscle in the leg, but these are absent from others. Most people have 24 ribs, but as many as 6% of us have 23, 26, or more. Most of us have one spleen and two kidneys, but some have two spleens or only one kidney. Most kidneys are supplied by a single renal artery and are drained by one ureter

Physiological Variations

Differences in how the body functions between individuals.

Physiological Variations

could be caused by variability in sex, age, Weight, diet.

Physiological Variations

Heart rate, blood pressure, metabolic rate, body temperature

Intergumentary system

Protects the bod; regulates temperature and prevents water loss

Skeletal system

supports body, protects organs, helps with movement/ produces blood cells

Muscular

produces movement, maintains posture, and generates heat

Endocrine

produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and other functions

cardiovasular

transports blood, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout the body

Lymphatic/ Immune

Defends against pathogens and returns excess fluid to bloodstream

Respiratory system

exchanges gases: brings in O2 and removed CO2

Digestive system functions

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients and eliminates solid waste.

functions of Urinary system

removes waste from blood and regulates water, electrolytes, and pH

Reproductive

Produces sex cells and hormones and allows reproduction

nervous system

Integumentary system

skin, hair, nails

Function of Intergumary system

PTSD

protection, temperature regulation, sensation, Vitamin D synthesis

Skeletal System

Bones and Joints

Ligaments

connects bones to each others

Skeletal system

structural support, levers for muscles, protect organs, produce blood cells

skelatal system

produce blood cells and mineral storage

muscular system

Organ: skelatal muscles and tendons (muscles to bone)

muscular system functions

movement, posture, heat production

nervous sytem

brain, spinal cord, sensory receptors

sensory processing, fast control, coordination

Endocrine system

slowly controls systems/ cooridination of hormones that travel though cardiovascular system

endocrine system

hypothallamus of the brain, pitutary gland in the brain

endocrine system

thryriod glands, parathyroid gland, thymus gland(immune system), Adrenal gland , pancreas(BP) , Ovaries, Testies

Cardiovascular

transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste

Cradiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

Lymphatic system Immune system

reduce swelling, drain excess fluid, immune responce

lymphatic system

Lymph nodes.lym[htaic vessles, spleen, thymus, bone morrow

Respiratory system

Gas exchange of Oxygen into bloodstream and CO2 out through lung s

lungs, diaphragm , nasal cavity, pharynx (back of throught) Larynx(voicebox) Trachea, bronchi

Digestive System

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine

digestive system

digest food, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste

urinary sytem

filters blood stream to remove waste to regulate blood pH, electrolytes, and water

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Reproductive

produce and transport gametes/ nurture fetus (female)