2ND QUARTER

atoms

the smallest particles of an element

electrons

a particle with negative charge

proton

a particle with positive charge

neutron

a particle with no electric charge

nucleus

contains protons and electrons

eugen goldstein

discovered the proton

democritus

a Greek philosopher who began the search for a description of matter

aristotle

believes all matter was made up of the 4 elements

fire, water, air, and earth

what are the 4 elements?

john dalton

an english chemist who performed multiple experiments which led to the acceptance of the idea of atoms

joseph john thompson

an english scientist who discovered electrons

josheph john thompson

who used the cathode ray tube?

cathode ray tube

a vacuum tube which emits electron beams, that can be manipulated to display images on a screen

joseph john thompson

who made the plum pudding model?

ernest rutherford

an english physicist in 1908 who fired a particles at a piece of gold foil

niels bohr

a danish scientist in 1913 who placed electrons in a specific energy level

arnold sommerfield

he said that orbits can also be elliptical

erwin schrodinger

a physicist and biologist and is the father of quantum mechanics

neutrons, protons, and electrons

what are the 3 subatomic particles that make up an atom?

mass and electrical charge

what are the 2 important properties of the subatomic particles of atoms?

louie de broglie

he proposed that the elctron could also be thought of as a wave

erwin schrodinger

he used the wave idea to develop a mathematical equation to describe the hydrogen atom

warner karl heisenburg

he discovered that for a very small particle, its location cannot be exactly known and how its moving

warner karl heisenburg

who discovered the uncertainty principle?

uncertainty principle

you cant locate the exact position of an electron at any given time (too small, too fast)

atomic orbital

the volume or region of space around the nucleus where the elctron is most likely to be found

aufbau principle

electrons enter orbitals at the lowest energy level first, and it explains how the electron shells are built up

niels bohr

who proposed the aufbau principle?

building up

aufbau is a german word meaning?

pauli exclusion principle

no 2 electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers

wolfgang pauli

who proposed the pauli exclusion principle?

1925

when was the pauli exclusion principle proposed?

hund’s rule

when electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy, electrons will enter the empty orbitals first

friendrich hund

who discovered the hund’s rule?

1925

when was the hund’s rule discovered?

octet rule

explains how atoms of different elements combine to form molecules

2 electrons

how many valance electrons does hydrogen mean to become stable?

8 electrons

how many valance electrons do elements need to become stable?

family

what do you call elements arranged vertically in the periodic table?

period

what do you call elements arranged horizontally in the periodic table?

ion

an atom or molecule with positive or negative charge

cation

has a positive charge, because an electron was taken from the atom

anion

has a negative charge, because an electron is gained from an atom

ionic bond

a bond between a metal and a non metal atom 

covalent bond

occurs between 2 non metal atoms with similar electronegativity

covalent bond

shares electrons instead of transfering

single covalent bond

occurs when 2 atoms share a pair of electrons

non polar covalent bond

elements share electrons equally

double covalent bond

when 2 atoms shares 2 pairs of electrons

polar covalent bond

when electrons are shared unequally

polar covalent bond

this happens when an element with higher electronegativity is attracted to one with lower electronegativity

low

is the boiling point and melting point of covalent bond high or low?

high

is the boiling point and melting point of ionic bond high or low?

low

is the polarity of covalent bond high or low?

high

is the polarity of ionic bond high or low?

liquid or gas

what is the state of covalent bond at room temp?

solid

what is the state of ionic bond at room temp?