Amsco chapter 4

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) fought in the colonies between the English, Natives and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. Led to more colonial taxes to pay for war debt - The end of Salutary Neglect

George Washington

Led a small militia from Virginia to stop work on French Fort Duquesne during the French and Indian War. Was forced to surrender. (July 3rd, 1754) - First attacks of the war

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes during the French and Indian War; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown. Set a precedent for colonial unity and the American Revolution.

Peace of Paris (1763)

Peace treaty signed to end the French and Indian War (1763). Britain gained French Canada and Spanish Florida. France gave Spain its western territory.

salutary neglect

Britian exercised little direct control over the colonies and did not enforce its navigation laws. This changed after the French and Indian War

George III; crown

The King of England associated with the American Revolution

Whigs

Dominant political party in Parliament, believed in taxing the colonies to solve England's financial problems. (King George was a Whig)

Parliment

Legislative house of Great Britain

Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)

(1763) A major attack against the colonies. The British did not rely on colonial forces, but instead sent their army to deal with the rebellion

Proclamation Act of 1763

Prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachain Mountains after Pontiac's rebellion. British hoped it would prevent violence between Native Americans and colonists. The colonists were angry and disobeyed the law, moving to the west of the mountains in large numbers (1763)

Sugar Act (1764)

Placed taxes on goods such as foreign sugar and other luxuries

Quartering Act (1765)

Required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers in the colonies

Stamp Act (1765)

Required that revenue stamps be placed on almost all printed paper. First direct tax paid by the people. Boycotts were effective in repealing this Act.

Patrick Henry

Young Virginian lawyer who coined the phrase "No taxation without representation" in his speech to the House of Burgesses

Stamp Act Congress

Representatives from nine colonies met in NY (1765), and decided that only their own elected representatives had the power to approve taxes. Organized effective boycotts to repeal an unpopular tax

Sons of Liberty

Secret society who intimidated tax agents; tarred and feathered some tax collectors

Declaratory Act (1766)

Asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies in all cases whatsoever

Townshend Acts (1767)

Acts that enacted new taxes to be collected on imports of tea, glass, and paper. Also created the writs of assistance to help people search homes for smuggled items.

writs of assistance

A license that gave British officials to search anywhere; used to search private homes for smuggled goods. Angered colonists

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

Work of literature in which John Dickinson argued that no taxation without representation was an important principle of English law

Massachusetts Circular Letter

Samuel Adams letter which urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. British officials ordered it retracted and threatened to do away with the Massachusetts legislative government and increase the number of troops in Boston

George Grenville

Prime Minister of Great Britain responsible for many of the taxes that angered colonists. Responsible for the Stamp Act

Boston Massacre (1770)

(1770) British guards, harassed by colonists, fire into a crowd, killing five people. The incident was used as pro-revolutionary propaganda and convinced many colonists to support independence

Crispus Attacks

An African American man who was one of the five people killed in the Boston Massacre

Committees of Correspondence

Letter writing campaign initiated by Samuel Adams (1772), these spread news of suspicious acts by the British throughout the colonies

Gaspee incident

British customs ship, which had caught many smugglers, ran aground and colonists dressed as Indians drove everyone off the boat, then burned it. The incident increased tensions between Britain and the colonies

Tea Act (1773)

The ________ lowered tea prices, but still instituted a small tax. Colonists still refused to buy on principle

Boston Tea Party (1773)

In December 1773, colonists dressed as Indians threw 342 chests of imported tea into the harbor in protest of the Tea Act. The incident led to a very harsh reaction and punishments from Britian

Intolerable Acts

Colonist name for the Coercive Acts

Coercive Acts (1774)

A series of acts made to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party. Dramatically increased tensions between Britain and the colonies. Led to increased colonial cooperation.

Port Act

A part of the Coercive Acts which closed the port of Boston, prohibiting trade in and out ot the harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for

Massachusetts Government Act

A part of the Coercive Acts which reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor

Administration of Justice Act

A part of the Coercive Acts which allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of the colonies. Angered colonists

Enlightenment

A European movement in literature and philosophy; used human reasoning to solve problems. Inspired democratic ideals of the Revolution

Deism

Believe that God established natural laws in creating the universe, but that the role of divine intervention in human affairs was minimal

rationalism

Trusted human reason to solve the many problems of life and society; emphasized reason, science, and respect for humanity

John Locke

English philosopher who said that all people have rights, simply because they are human and that people have a right and a responsibility to revolt against any government that failed to protect their rights. Big influence on colonial revolutionaries