Counseling Psychology

Healing Factor: Behavioral

Focuses on forming healthier habits and routines; includes reality testing, ventilation, and interaction.

Healing Factor: Cognitive

Involves restructuring distorted thoughts; includes universalization, insight, and modeling.

Healing Factor: Emotional

Expressing and processing emotions; includes acceptance, altruism, and transference.

Healing Factor: Relational

Building a strong, empathic, and trusting therapist-client relationship.

Key Elements of Effective Therapy

Strong therapeutic alliance, client’s belief in improvement, and use of techniques like CBT or REBT.

Adler’s Individual Psychology

Emphasizes responsibility, creativity, and social interest; contrasts with Freud's focus on unconscious conflict.

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

Focuses on individuation, integration of the self, and the role of unconscious complexes.

Cognitive Distortion: All-or-Nothing Thinking

Thinking in extremes, such as all good or all bad.

Cognitive Distortion: Catastrophizing

Expecting the worst possible outcome in any situation.

Cognitive Distortion: Overgeneralization

Making broad negative conclusions based on one event.

Cognitive Distortion: Mental Filter

Focusing only on the negative details, ignoring the positives.

Cognitive Distortion: Emotional Reasoning

Believing that emotions reflect objective reality.

Cognitive Distortion: Labeling

Assigning fixed, global labels to oneself or others.

REBT – ABCDE Model: A

Activating Event – A triggering situation or event.

REBT – ABCDE Model: B

Belief – The irrational belief about the event.

REBT – ABCDE Model: C

Consequence – Emotional or behavioral outcome from the belief.

REBT – ABCDE Model: D

Disputation – Challenging the irrational belief.

REBT – ABCDE Model: E

Effective New Belief – More rational thought and better emotional outcome.

Core Attitude: Empathy (Carl Rogers)

Deep understanding of the client’s feelings and experiences.

Core Attitude: Unconditional Positive Regard

Accepting the client without judgment or conditions.

Core Attitude: Genuineness

Being honest, open, and authentic with the client.

Ought Self

The version of oneself based on duties or others’ expectations; mismatch with real self can cause anxiety or guilt.

CBT – Definition

Structured, time-limited therapy focused on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors.

CBT – Core Principle

Thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are interconnected; changing thoughts changes feelings and actions.

Beck’s Theory – Cause of Problems

Psychological issues come from distorted искаженного thinking and negative automatic thoughts.

Beck’s Theory – Origin of Thoughts

Negative thoughts come from core beliefs and schemas developed in childhood.

Beck’s Cognitive Triad

Negative view of the self, the world, and the future; common in depression.

CBT – Healing Process

Identify and challenge irrational thoughts; replace them with more realistic, helpful thoughts.