Plants

liverworts

• non-vascular

• no true stomata

• sporophyte doesn’t function in dispersal

• flat 2D growth (thallose and leafy)

• bryophyte

moss

• non-vascular

• 3D growth

• cap sporangium

• sporophyte (w/ stomata)

• dependent on gametophyte

• meristem cells at base- form new tissues

• bryophyte

hornworts

• non-vascular

• green sporophyte

• gametophyte does photosynthesis

• sporophyte dependent on gametophyte

• meristem cells at base - form new tisses

• bryophyte

lycophytes

• vascular plant

• microphylls

• true roots

• sporophyte dominant

• independent gametophyte

• strobili (cones)

• dichotomous branching

  • ex: lycopodium and selaginella

• evolved heterospory (in Selaginella —> a homoplasy)

monilophytes

• vascular plant

• megaphyll

• do NOT produce seeds (seedless vascular plants)

• Independent sporophyte

• most are heterosporous

• DNA chloroplast inversion

• only 1 sporangia

• ex: psilotum, equisetum (horsetail), fern

gymnosperm

• vascular plant

• naked seeds

• nutritive tissue (n)

• integument, ovule, pollen w/ pollen tube

• heterospory

• BVC (bivascular cambium)

• ex: cycad, ginkgo, conifers, gnetophytes

angiosperm

• vascular plant

• flowering plant

• seeds

• double fertilization results in nutritive tissue (3n)

• endosperm

• Majority of plants

• reduced gametophyte - only 7 cells

• phloem w/ companion cells- sieve element

• reproduction involves flowers and pollinators

• are both tracheids and vessel elements

monocot

• angiosperm

• BVC absent

• scattered vascular bundles

• 1 cotyledon

• flower parts in threes and multiples of threes

• parallel leaf veins

eudicots

• angiosperm

• BVC present

• organized vascular bundles

• 2 cotyledons

• leaf veins form a net pattern

• flower parts in 4s and 5s and their multiples

algal relatives of plants

• green algae (coleochaete and chara)

• have the same photosynthetic pigments

• the same type of flagella

• the same fundamental process of cell division

filamentous growth

• 1 cell is cut vertically in half, divides, then a new cell forms in b/w

branched growth

cell is cut in half horizontally

apical growth

• land plants specialization;

• the cell at the tip

• youngest cell is closest to the apex (tip/end) (like a tree, new growth on top, furthest from base which is older)

megaphyll

• complex vasculature

• evolved in MRCA of monilophytes

Microphylls

• single vein of vasculature

• evolved from sterilized sporangia

Bifacial vascular cambium

• pushes new vasculature to grow out instead of up, resulting in wider plants

• separates new and old vascular tissues

• xylem grows inward, phloem outwords

gymnosperm life cycle

• megagametophyte remains in nutritive tissue (2n) and is made even if not fertilized

• male & female cones

• both M. and F. cones are megasporangia make 4 megaspores (N)

• only 1 survives

angiosperm life cycle

• flowers (can be perfect or imperfect)

• no cones

• ovary wall (2n) around seed coat (2n)

• nutritive tissue is result of 2x fertilization and is the endosperm (3n) and is only made when embryo is present

ways flowers attract pollinators

• orchids look like female bees

  • maleles try to mate with flower and get pollen on them instead

• long nectar tubes attract moths with equally/ similarly long tongues

• moth: white, no landing pad, strong odor

• hummingbird: red, lots of nectar, no landing pad

• bee: nectar, landing pad

• fly: mottled color, foul odor

simple fruit

develops from 1 flower with a single carpel

1 fruit, many have seeds

ex: apple, banana, mango, grapes

aggregate fruit

develops from 1 flower many fruit (blackberry)

results from several carpels on a single flower

multiple fruit

many flowers merge together to form a fruit

pineapple

accessory fruit

formed from non-ovary tissue

ex: strawberries

epiphytes

• a plant that grows harmlessly upon another plant (like a tree)

• derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, and sometimes from debris accumulating around it

• not parasitic

• ex: spanish moss

carnivorous plants

• hot, humid, wet areas

• nutrients washed away, so catch insects for nutrients

• leaves always catch insects

• in N. America, few in S. America

  • pleistocene bc continental drift

  • cacti more likely older bc more widespread than sarraceniaceae

stem modification

• water retention w/ accordian bulbous shaped stem

• 2 types of stem (on 1 plant)

  • bulbous: stores/retains water and nutrients and starch/sugars on bottom

  • and thin on top for photosynthesis

• stems not as efficient at photosynthesis, but can still do it

  • rhizomes, tubers

leaf modification

• holes in upper canopy leaves (nearer to sun) allows to stay cool easier and better for winds

• small, thin leaves that close/fold in when touched to protect against predators and strong winds; lose less moisture

  • mimosa pudica

• sweet leaves (extremely) to protect against being eaten (stevia plant)

• square shape w/ spores on edge-1 branch w/ lots of the square leaves is actually 1 entire leaf: very organized, with a lot more spores

• smaller leaves grouped to look like a flower that are fuzzy

  • repels water to not be over watered and stays on surface of water

vascular tissue