Social Science 1st Quarter Long Test 1

Social Science

A vast field concerned with human society and the relationships among individuals within it.

Natural Science

A field focused on the phenomena and objects of nature and the physical world, involving empirical and observational evidence.

Archaeology

The study of human history and prehistory through excavation and analysis of artifacts.

Geography

The study of places, the relationships between people and their environments.

Leadership

The ability to guide, influence, or direct individuals or groups towards achieving goals.

Economics

The study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

History

The study of past events, particularly in human affairs.

Law

The system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions.

Linguistics

The scientific study of language and its structure.

Ian Robertson

A sociologist who described society as a group of interacting individuals sharing the same territory.

Hasa

An author who discussed the differences between natural science and social science.

Philosophy

The rational, abstract, and methodical consideration of reality as a whole or of fundamental dimensions of human existence and experience, derived from the Greek word "philosophia," meaning "love of wisdom."

Plato

An Athenian philosopher during the Classical period of Ancient Greece, known for his works on philosophy and as a student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle.

Socrates

A classical Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, known for his contributions to ethics and epistemology.

Aristotle

A Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato, who made significant contributions to many fields including logic, metaphysics, and ethics.

The Father of Political Science, who stated that "man by nature is a political animal," emphasizing the unique political nature of humans.

Allegory of the Chariot

A philosophical allegory by Plato that illustrates the tripartite nature of the human soul, consisting of the rational, spirited, and appetitive parts.

Tripartite Soul

The concept in Plato's philosophy that the soul consists of three parts:the rational (charioteer), the spirited (white horse), and the appetitive (dark horse).

Rational Part

The highest part of the soul in Plato's tripartite model, responsible for reasoning and decision-making.

Spirited Part

The part of the soul associated with emotions and will, represented by the white horse in Plato's allegory.

Appetitive Part

The part of the soul that desires physical pleasures and material goods, represented by the dark horse in Plato's allegory.

Harmony of the Soul

The state achieved when the rational part governs the spirited and appetitive parts, leading to balanced decision-making and fulfillment.

Sociology

The study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society.

A field of study that systematically investigates human social structures and activities, focusing on behavior and relationships.

Symbolic Interactionism

A sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of symbols and meanings in social interactions and how they shape human behavior.

Gene-Culture Coevolution

A theory suggesting that culture is influenced by biological mechanisms, affecting the human mind and transmitting culture across generations.

Anthropology

The study of human societies, cultures, and their development.

The study of humans, their cultures, and their development, originating from the Greek words "Anthropos" (human) and "logos" (science).

Social Anthropology

A sub-discipline of anthropology that studies cultural variations among ethnic groups and their practices.

Herbert Spencer

A sociologist who applied an evolutionary model to analyze human societies, emphasizing complexity and differentiation in populations.

Critical Analysis

A systematic examination of information and arguments to understand and evaluate social phenomena.

Political Science

The study of politics, government systems, and political behavior.

Political Animal

A term used by Aristotle to describe humans as inherently social and political beings, distinct from other animals.

Utility Maximization

A concept in political science suggesting that individuals act rationally to maximize their personal benefits in decision-making.

Deliberative Bodies

Groups formed by humans to discuss, debate, and make decisions on governance and societal issues.

Governance

The act of governing or overseeing the management of public affairs and the implementation of policies.

Lobbying

The act of influencing political leaders and policymakers to shape public policy through various forms of communication and advocacy.

Psychology

The scientific study of the mind and behavior.

The scientific study of a person’s mind and behavior, originating from the Greek words “psyche” (life) and “logos” (explanation).

Personality

An individual’s consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving that make them unique.

Nature

genetic inheritance

Nurture

environmental factors influence individual behavior and characteristics.

Tabula Rasa

A Latin phrase meaning "blank slate," suggesting that humans acquire most of their behavioral traits from nurture rather than being born with them.

Psychological Disorders

Conditions that affect a person's thinking, feeling, behavior, and overall functioning, which psychology seeks to understand and address.

Empirical Investigation

A method of inquiry that relies on observation and experimentation to understand human behavior and mental processes.

Core Principles of Psychology

Fundamental concepts that include understanding the influence of genetics and environment on behavior, personality, and development.

Culture

The shared practices, values, beliefs, norms, and artifacts of a group.

The beliefs, values, and practices shared by a group of people, influencing their behavior and social interactions.

A way of life that a number of people have in common, including shared beliefs, norms, and practices.

Society

A group of interacting individuals sharing the same territory and participating in common culture.

A group of people who interact with one another within a geographical or political boundary and who share a culture.

Intersubjectivity

The shared understanding and mutual interpretations of life within a culture.

Inter-objectivity

The tangible, concrete aspects of society that can be perceived by the senses, such as buildings and social institutions.

Emile Durkheim

Known as the Father of Sociology, he defined society in terms of internal and external components.

Internal Society

The beliefs and attitudes inherent to a society, corresponding to the intersubjective realm.

External Society

The societal influences that compel individuals to act, corresponding to the inter-objective realm.

Material Culture

The tangible objects and physical aspects of culture that can be seen and felt.

Non-material Culture

The interpretations, thoughts, and ideas expressed in symbolic form within a culture.

Ken Wilber

A philosopher who distinguished between cultural (intersubjective) and social (inter-objective) aspects of reality.

Max Weber

A sociologist who demonstrated how intersubjective beliefs can shape inter-objective societal structures, particularly in his work on capitalism.

Karl Marx

A philosopher who emphasized the relationship between material conditions and the consciousness of the working class.

Talcott Parsons

A sociologist who defined a social system as a plurality of individual actors interacting within a physical or environmental context.

Civic Engagement

Active participation in the political and community life, promoting advocacy and community involvement.

Participation in political processes and activities that influence decision-making in governance and community affairs.

The participation of individuals in activities that address issues of public concern and contribute to the community.

Verstehen

A German term introduced by Max Weber, meaning mutual understanding or the common inner agreement of people about life and society.

Contestation

The process through which culture is challenged and transformed, leading to cultural change and possibly structural changes in society.

Edward Tylor

An anthropologist who defined culture as a complex whole encompassing various human capabilities and habits.

Émile Durkheim

A sociologist who emphasized the importance of shared values and beliefs in the existence of society.

Peter Berger

A famous sociologist known for his views on the relationship between society and the individual.

Karl Marx

A philosopher and sociologist who emphasized the importance of social relations in understanding human nature.

Hardware and Software Analogy

A metaphor comparing society to structure and culture to ideas and practices.

Lifeways

The customary ways of living and practices within a particular culture or society.

Subjective

Pertaining to personal perspectives, feelings, and opinions; influenced by individual experiences.

Objective

Based on observable phenomena and facts; independent of personal feelings or opinions.

Quadrants

A framework used to analyze different aspects of social reality, including subjective, objective, intersubjective, and inter-objective perspectives.

Ethnology

The comparative and analytical study of cultures; a branch of anthropology.

Truth Claims

Assertions about reality that can be evaluated based on different criteria, including objective verification, subjective sincerity, intersubjective legitimacy, and inter-objective functionality.

Enculturation

The practice by which an individual acquires the traditional content of a culture and integrates its practices and values.

Socialization

The procedure through which a person learns to live in his/her culture, contributing to the development of thinking, love, and communication.

Deviance

Any behavior defined by members of a social group as violating established social norms, which is determined by a social audience.

Looking Glass-Self

A theory by Charles Horton Cooley that suggests individuals form their self-concepts based on how others perceive them.

Role Taking

A concept by George Herbert Mead that refers to the process of understanding others' perspectives and roles in society.

Development of Reasoning

A theory by Jean Piaget that outlines the stages through which children develop logical thinking.

Development of Personality

A theory by Sigmund Freud that explains the formation of personality through various psychosexual stages.

Development of Personality (Kohlberg)

A theory by Lawrence Kohlberg that focuses on the stages of moral development in individuals.

Consensus

A general agreement among group members that allows for collective decision-making, even if not everyone fully supports the proposal.

Heredity

The genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring, influencing child development.

Configurationalism

A theory by Ruth Benedict that views cultures as integrated wholes, each configured differently, influencing personality types.

Cultural Conditioning

A concept by Margaret Mead that suggests cultural factors, rather than biological ones, shape the experiences of adolescence.

Patterns of Culture

A book by Ruth Benedict that discusses the differences in personality types among various cultures.

Coming of Age in Samoa

A book by Margaret Mead that compares the experiences of Samoan and American adolescent girls.

Proscribed Behaviors

Actions that are discouraged or forbidden within a culture.

Prescribed Behaviors

Actions that are encouraged or accepted within a culture.

Agents of Socialization

Various influences that shape an individual's self-concept, actions, emotions, and behavior, including family, peer groups, school, church, mass media, and workplace.

Family

The primary agent of socialization that shapes core values and experiences through interactions with parents, siblings, and relatives.

Peer Group

A social group consisting of individuals of similar age and interests, significantly influencing self-identity and experiences.

School

An institution that provides academic knowledge and skills while teaching acceptable social conduct and broadening perspectives.

Church

An institution that shapes moral judgments, concepts of right and wrong, and beliefs about God through religious teachings.

Mass Media

Various forms of communication, including social media, television, and newspapers, that influence public perception and individual beliefs.

Workplace

A setting where adults spend significant time, contributing to their sense of fulfillment or stagnation and exposing them to organizational values and culture.

Jean Piaget

A Swiss psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development and the stages of reasoning in children.

Sigmund Freud

An Austrian physician and the founder of psychoanalysis, known for his theories on personality development.

Developmental Stages of Reasoning

The four stages proposed by Piaget: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Sensorimotor Stage

The first stage of Piaget's theory (birth to age 2) where infants learn about the world through their senses and actions.

Preoperational Stage

The second stage of Piaget's theory (ages 2 to 7) characterized by the development of language and symbolic thinking but limited understanding of concepts like causation.

Concrete Operational Stage

The third stage of Piaget's theory (ages 7 to 12) where children develop logical reasoning about concrete events but struggle with abstract concepts.

Formal Operational Stage

The fourth stage of Piaget's theory (after age 12) where individuals can think abstractly and solve complex problems.

DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY

Sigmund Freud’s theory that emphasizes the unconscious mind and the role of early childhood experiences in shaping personality.