child behavior and development exam 1

skepticism

questioning a claim and looking for good evidence before accepting it

pseudoscience

something that looks/sounds scientific but isn’t supported by reliable scientific evidence or methods

being skeptical when reading research means

you don’t automatically believe the conclusion. ex: was the study designed well? how many people participated?

peer-reviewed

other experts in the same field examine the research before it is published to check its quality and methods

intersubject sgreement

different people/observers come to similar conclusions

fidelity

information or results remain accurate/consistent when repeated or communicated

good research design

the study is designed to reduce bias and alternative explanations

replication

researchers can repeat a study and get similar findings

critical thinking

carefully evaluating evidence instead of automatically accepting a claim, objectively analyzing evidence before deciding what to believe

freud & erickson

psychoanalytic theory

psychoanalytic theory

early experiences and internal psychological processed influence development

freud

id (pleasure and immediate wants), ego (balances what you want with reality), superego (is this right or wrong?)

erickson

development occurs through psychosocial conflicts across lifespan

skinner, pavlov, & watson

learning theory/ behaviorism

learning theory/ behaviorism

behavior is learned through experience and the environment

pavlov

classical/ pavalovian conditioning- learning through association

skinner

operant conditioning- behavior changed because of its consequences

piaget & vygotsky

cognitive development

cognitive development

developing involves changes in thinking, learning, and understanding

piaget

schemas- a mental framework/catagory we use to organize and understand information

vygotsky

zone of proximal development

zone of proximal development

what a child can to → what they can do with help

scaffolding - temporary support given to help a child accomplish something they couldn’t yet do alone

evolutionary theory/ ethology

looks at how behaviors may have developed because they helped humans survive and reproduce

do infants need skin to skin contact with their mother immediately after birth?

close caregiver contact can support bonding, regulation, and development, but attachment is not dependent on one immediate skin to skin event. missing that contact does not mean a parent and baby can’t form a healthy attachment

scientific method

question → hypothesis→ test study→collect data→analyze→conclusion→replicate

independent variable

what the researcher changes/manipulates

dependent variable

what the reseacher measures

observation

watching and recording behavior

self-report

participants answer questions about themselves, such as questionnaires/interviews

standardized testing

everyone receives the same standardized assessment

psychological measures

measurements from the body, such as heart rate or brain activity

case study

detailed examination of a particular person, group, or situation

direct replication

repeat the original study as closely as possible

systematic replication

repeat the basic ides but intentionally change something to see whether the finding still holds

reliability

consistency

validity

accuracy

group design

compares results between groups of participants

single subject design

studies an individual over time, and the individual serves as their own control

operational definition

explains exactly how a variable will be measured or defined in a study

basic research

conducted mainly to increase knowledge/understanding, learn

behavioral genetics

cell→nucleus→chromosome→dna→gene

a cell contains:

a nucleus

applied research

conducted to solve real world problems, solve

a nucleus contains:

chromosomes

chromosomes are made of:

dna

a gene is:

a segment of dna containing information that contributes to traits/functions

genome

all of an organisms genetic material

human genome project

an international research project created to identify/map human genes and determine the sequence of human dna

nature

genetics/biology

nurture

environment/experiences

nature through nurture

genes and environment interact to influence development

SNP — single nucleotide polymorphism

a difference/change involving one nucleotide in dna

deletion

part of genetic material is missing/deleted

insertion

genetic material is added/inserted

variation in copies

people may have different numbers of copies of a dna segment

molecular genetics

examines how genetic and environmental differences contribute to differences in behavior and traits

heritability

the proportion of variation in a trait within a particular population that is associated with genetic differences

heritability does NOT mean:

how genetic a trait is for one person

human typically have

46 chromosomes = 23 pairs

epigenetics

changes in how genes are expressed/turned on or off WITHOUT changing the underlying dna sequence

logical fallacy

an error or flaw in reasoning

circular reasoning

the conclusion is basically being used as the reason/evidence for itself

it relabeled the behavior instead of explaining what caused it

Example:

“He’s aggressive because he’s an aggressive person.”

Why did he behave aggressively?

“Because he’s aggressive.”