Unit 6: Energy Resources and Consumption

Hybrid vehicles

________: built with one electric and one gas- powered engine.

Burn coal

________ with limestone: liberated sulfur combines with calcium in the limestone to form calcium sulfate → can't be released.

Gamma rays

________ produced by radioactive decay can damage cells and DNA → breast, thyroid, stomach, leukemia cancer (harms immune system)

CO2

________ is released during combustion.

Reservoirs

________ have greater surface area= higher rate of evaporation and water loss.

Fission

________: uranium 235 isotope split up (key reaction in production of nuke eng)

radioactive materials

Gases generated by a uncontrolled core burst containment vessel and spread ________ in the environment.

Photosynthesis

________: radiant energy is converted to chem energy in the form of bonds that hold together atoms in carbs) 2.

new habitats

As water is held behind dams, ________ in the forms of wetlands are created.

Reactor

________ loses coolant water → hot core melts through the containment building → radioactive materials could then get into groundwater.

Coal

________ contains a sig amount of sulfur (iron sulfide, organic sulfur)

Diesel

________- fueled cars: pure ________ fuel, switch to biofuel.

Conservation

________: management or regulation of a resource so that its use does not exceed the capacity of the resource to regenerate itself.

Consumption

________: of natural resources is the day to day use of env resources.

Salts

________ that are dissolved in the water corrode machinery parts.

Preservation

________: maintenance of a species or ecosystem in order to ensure their perpetuation, with no concern to their potential monetary value.

Biodiesel

________: new product made largely from waste vegetable oils Hydroelectric energy.

Generation of revenue

________ to correct past pollution damage and reduce future pollution.

air pollutants

Produces no ________, BUT… production of PV cells requires the use of fossil fuels.

fossil fuels

Good: produces no sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide; less CO2 than ________ Types of reactors.

pipes

Transported by ________: risks of leaks and explosions → damaged habitats when building ________ sys Nuke energy General notes.

Oil

________ is transported thousands of miles by tankers, pipelines, trucks, etc → risk of explosion, ________ spill Coal.

Hydrogen

________ is obtained from fossil fuels by a process called reforming.

Vaporizes

________ more readily than gas → potential to aggravate ozone pollution in warm weather.

Convection

________: transfer of heat by the movement of the heated matter.

PV cells

________ use no moving parts, require little maintenance, are silent.

Gasoline extender

________ made from a mix of 90 % gasoline and 10 % ethanol.

Breeder reactors

________: generate new fissionable material faster than they consume material.

solar energy

Active collection: use of devices that collect, focus, transport, or store ________ (ex.

Networks of tunnels

________ are dug or blasted and humans enter tunnels to manually retrieve the coal.

wildlife management

Authorized POTUS to assist countries in protecting and maintaining wildlife habitats and dev ________ and plant conservation programs; est sanctuaries, reserves, parks, anti- poaching measures.

Half lives

________: tie it takes for half of the radioactive sample to degrade.

Scrubbers

________: some by products can be removed through the actions of scrubbers (contain alkaline substances that precipitate out much of the sulfur dioxide)

Water

________ used to cool turbines is returned to local bodies of water at a much higher temp than when it was removed.

Wet scrubbing

________: fine mist of water to transform sulfur oxides from an air pollution issue to either a water pollution issue or to a commercial product → sulfuric acid.

Ecosystem capital

________: natural resources described in terms of their value.

Electrostatic filters

________: use electric charge to attract dust particulates to metal surfaces where they can be gathered and disposed of as solid waste Natural gas.

cyclo scrubbers

Baghouse /________: filter or spin particulates out of the effluent gases.

Oil petroleum

________: made of long chains of hydrocarbons.

free hydrogen

Once ________ is released, it can be stored and then used to generate electricity through reverse reaction of electrolysis.

Surface carbon

________ and carbon based → add no net carbon to the atmo.

Photovoltaic cells

________ (PV cells): produces electricity which is then stored in batteries.

Wind

________ blows into ________ turbine that spins the blades-> machinery inside base of windmill (nacelle) rotates.

CO2

Some gases (methan, ________, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia) that are trapped in the water may be released as the water is utilized Ocean tides.

Coal

________: mixture of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and other atoms.

Hydrogen

________ is very difficult to store and not very energy dense, BUT… ________ fuel cells are considered to the best, clearnest, and safest fuel source.

solar energy

Absorb ________ and pass the energy onto tubes in which water is circulating → heated water can be stored for later use.

Hydrogen

________ can also be obtained from organic molecules (but the use of organic sources can release pollutants)

Unit 6

Energy Resources & Consumption Overview 2 General notes 2 Laws of thermodynamics 2 Resources 2 Fossil fuels 3 General notes 3 Oil 3 Coal 3 Natural gas 4 Nuke energy 5 General notes 5 Types of reactors 5 Safety issues 5 Renewable energy 6 Biomass 6 Hydroelectric energy 6 Solar energy 7 Wind energy 7 Geothermal energy 8 Ocean tides 8 Hydrogen cells 8 Energy conservation 9 Env policy 9 Major acts 9 Green taxes 9 Intl agreements 10 Overview General notes

Conservation

management or regulation of a resource so that its use does not exceed the capacity of the resource to regenerate itself

Preservation

maintenance of a species or ecosystem in order to ensure their perpetuation, with no concern to their potential monetary value

Natural resources

a/biotic ecosystems

Ecosystem capital

natural resources described in terms of their value

Energy

capacity to do work

Potential energy

stored energy; energy at rest (can be converted to kinetic energy)

Kinetic energy

energy inmotion

Radiant energy

sunlight

Convection

transfer of heat by the movement of the heated matter

Conduction

transfer of energy through matter from particle to particle

Energy quality

higher energy quality produces more heat

Net energy yield

comparison between the cost of extraction, processing, and transpo & the amount of useful energy derived from the fuel Laws of thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be transferred and transformed (ex

photosynthesis

radiant energy is converted to chem energy in the form of bonds that hold together atoms in carbs) 2

Second Law of Thermodynamics

entropy (disorder) of the universe is increasing a

Consumption

of natural resources is the day to day use of env resources

Production

use of env resources for profit Fossil fuels General notes

Oil/petroleum

made of long chains of hydrocarbons

Coal

mixture of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and other atoms

Natural gas

methane gas with mixture of other gases

Crude oil

oil pumped fresh from a reserve

Primary extraction

oil easily pumped to surface

Pressure extraction

use mud, saltwater, CO2 to push out oil from reserve

Steam extraction

uses steam, hot water, hot gases to partially melt very thick crude oil and make it easier to extract

Anthracite

pure carbon

Scrubbers

some by products can be removed through the actions of scrubbers (contain alkaline substances that precipitate out much of the sulfur dioxide)

Burn coal with limestone

liberated sulfur combines with calcium in the limestone to form calcium sulfate → can't be released

Wet scrubbing

fine mist of water to transform sulfur oxides from an air pollution issue to either a water pollution issue or to a commercial product → sulfuric acid

Baghouse/cyclo scrubbers

filter or spin particulates out of the effluent gases

Electrostatic filters

use electric charge to attract dust particulates to metal surfaces where they can be gathered and disposed of as solid waste Natural gas

Tanks can only hold a small amount of gas → nat gas is liquified by putting it under high pressure (LNG

liquefied natural gas) → requires a lot of energy

Transported by pipes

risks of leaks and explosions → damaged habitats when building pipe sys Nuke energy General notes

Fission

uranium 235 isotope split up (key reaction in production of nuke eng)

Breeder reactors

generate new fissionable material faster than they consume material

Nuclear fusion

fusing two nuclei (most likely 2 isotopes of hydrogen → tritium-2 neutrons and deuterium-1 neutron)

Half-lives

tie it takes for half of the radioactive sample to degrade

Good

produces no sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide; less CO2 than fossil fuels Types of reactors

Uses 2 water circulation sys

(1) makes steam and carries it to the turbine (2) cools water form the core so it can be turned back into steam

Uses 2 water circulation sys

(1) cools the core (2) makes steam (3) cools steam back into water to be made into steam again Safety issues

Some by-products of fission reaction can be remade into fission "dirty" bombs

spread damaging radioactive isotopes

No longer usable cores, piping, and spent fuel rods need to be stored for may centuries → "spent" fuel have radioactive elements like plutonium-239 (half-life

2.13 * 106 years)

Biodiesel

new product made largely from waste vegetable oils Hydroelectric energy

Silting

as water sits behind dams, normal sediments it carries have time to sink to the bottom → additional weight on struc

Passive solar energy collection

use of building materials, building placement, and design to passively collect solar energy that can be used to keep a building warm or cool (ex

Active collection

use of devices that collect, focus, transport, or store solar energy (ex

Photovoltaic cells (PV cells)

produces electricity which is then stored in batteries

Wind farms

groups of placed modern wind turbines

SOLUTION

stop placing wind turbines in the middle of migration routes

Good

only waste from the fuel cell is water vapor

Bad

high cost of fuel cell and lack of hydrogen fuel stations limit tech Energy conservation

Hybrid vehicles

built with one electric and one gas-powered engine