Assessing the Child and Adolescent (Chapter 22)

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering child and adolescent developmental assessment, health history terms, pain scales, and physical assessment findings.

Baby (Developmental Stage)

The developmental stage for children aged $0$ to $12\,\text{months}$.

Toddler (Developmental Stage)

The developmental stage for children aged $1$ to $3\,\text{years}$.

Preschool child (Developmental Stage)

The developmental stage for children aged $3$ to $5\,\text{years}$.

Grade school child (Developmental Stage)

The developmental stage for children aged $5$ to $12\,\text{years}$.

Adolescent/Teen (Developmental Stage)

The developmental stage for children aged $12$ to $18\,\text{years}$.

Tanner scale

A scale that describes the stages of physical development and sexual maturity, based in females on breast size/shape and the distribution of pubic hair.

Hematocrit

A blood test recommended for at-risk children aged $2$ to $5\,\text{years}$ who have limited food access, a diet low in iron, or special healthcare needs.

CRAFFT questionnaire

A brief, reliable, and well-studied adolescent substance abuse screening tool valid for diverse backgrounds.

Pica

An eating disorder characterized by the consumption of non-food items.

Enuresis

A condition of involuntary urination; nocturnal enuresis is the most common type.

Thelarche

The beginning of female breast development.

Gynecomastia

Male breast development that usually resolves itself within $6\,\text{months}$ to $2\,\text{years}$; it may cause emotional distress in young boys.

Encopresis

The recurrent, involuntary passage of feces.

Anterior fontanel

The soft spot on an infant's head that usually closes between $12$ and $18\,\text{months}$.

FLACC scale

A pain assessment tool using behaviors (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) for children between $2\,\text{months}$ and $7\,\text{years}$, or for those unable to communicate.

Visual Analog Scale

The gold standard and most validated tool for pain assessment, suitable for children.

COMFORT Behavioral Scale

A tool that assesses pain and sedation in infants and children by observing the face and body for a full $2\,\text{minutes}$.

OUCHER!

A poster scale displaying numbers for older children and pictures for younger children to describe their pain on a scale from $1$ to $10$.

Strabismus

A variation in eye assessment where the eyes are not properly aligned with each other.

Mitral area (Under 7 years)

In infants and children younger than $7\,\text{years}$, this area is located at or near the fourth intercostal space.

Mitral area (7 years and older)

In children aged $7\,\text{years}$ and older, this area is located at or near the fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line.

Genu varum

Commonly known as being bowlegged, this is a normal finding in toddlers after they begin to walk until they develop back and leg muscles.

Genu valgum

Commonly known as being knock-kneed, which may be normal for children between the ages of $2$ and $7\,\text{years}$.

Scoliosis (Diagnostic threshold)

A condition diagnosed if the curvature of the spine is greater than $10^{\circ}$.

Phimosis

An abnormal finding in male genitalia where the foreskin is too tight to be retracted.

Cryptorchidism

An abnormal finding characterized by undescended testes.

Hypospadias

A congenital abnormal finding in males where the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis.

Anteroposterior (AP) diameter (Under 6 years)

The normal ratio for thoracic diameter in children younger than $6\,\text{years}$ is $1:1$.

Anteroposterior (AP) diameter (Over 6 years)

The normal ratio for thoracic diameter in children older than $6\,\text{years}$ is approximately $1:2$.

Torticollis

A condition involving a twisted or tilted neck.