Introduction to computing Lesson 2

Components of Information Processing System

Data

A collection of raw, unorganized facts and figures.

Example: Numbers, letters, symbols or combination of these.

Information

A processed, organized, or structured data that has meaning and context. It helps in decision-making and understanding.

Example: “The student’s average score is 86%, meaning they passed the exam.”

Data Processing

The collection, manipulation, and conversion of raw data into meaningful information that can be used for decision-making, problem-solving, or analysis.

It involves steps like input, processing, storage, and output.

Manual Data Processing

Implies the extend use of manual labor in the processing of data. Such method is slow and relatively inaccurate and could not support the rapidly expanding information requirements.

Example: Recording sales in a notebook, counting votes manually.

Mechanical Data Processing

Involves the use of machines or devices that alter, transmit and direct applied forces. The advantages are greater computational speed.

Example: Typewriters, calculators, Hollerith’s punched card machines.

Electronic Data Processing

Has superior capacity to perform computations and other functions at incredible speeds.

Example: Payroll system in HR software, student grading systems.

Batch Processing

Collecting and processing data in large groups (batches) at a scheduled time.

Example: Bank check processing, monthly utility bill generation.

Real-Time Processing

Data is processed instantly as it is input. It Provides immediate output, crucial for time-sensitive applications.

Example: ATM transactions, airline booking systems.

Online Processing (Interactive Processing)

Users directly interact with a computer system to process data. It is interactive and user-driven, often used in business and education.

Example: Online shopping checkout system, Google Docs collaboration.

Distributed Data Processing

Data is processed across multiple computers connected in a network.

Example: Cloud computing services, online multiplayer gaming servers.

Input–Process–Output (IPO) Model

A simple framework that shows how raw data (input) is transformed into meaningful information (output) through a processing stage.

Data Collection

Gathering raw facts from various sources such as surveys, sensors, transactions, documents, or online systems.

Data Preparation

Also known as data cleaning or preprocessing. Involves removing errors, duplicates, or irrelevant information, and organizing the data into a structured format.

Data Input

The prepared data is entered into the system, database, or software for further use.

Can be manual (typing), mechanical (scanning), or automated (direct upload from a device).

Data Processing (Cycle)

The core stage where data is transformed using formulas, calculations, algorithms, or computer programs.

Data Interpretation

Also called data output or analysis. The processed data is analyzed to generate meaningful insights, reports, or visualizations.

Data Storage

The final stage where processed information (and sometimes raw data) is stored securely for future access, reference, or audits.

Hardware

Physical parts of a computer that you can see and touch. Includes input devices, output devices, storage, and processing units.

Software

A set of instructions or programs that tell the hardware what to do.

Includes system software, application software, and programming software.

Input Devices

Used to enter data into the computer.

Output Devices

Display or produce the processed information.

Storage Devices

Store data permanently or temporarily.

Processing Devices

A device that handles and executes instructions.

Networking Devices

Help computers communicate and share resources.

Monitor

An output device that displays text, images, videos, and other visual information processed by the computer.

Printer

An output device that produces a hard copy of digital documents, images, or graphics stored in a computer.

Storage Device

A hardware component used to store digital data permanently or temporarily.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Known as the “brain of the computer”, this part performs most of the calculations and instructions needed to run programs.

GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)

A processor designed specifically for rendering graphics and images quickly.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

A type of temporary memory that stores data and instructions while the computer is running. Volatile memory.

ROM (Read-Only Memory)

A type of non-volatile memory that permanently stores instructions needed for booting up and running a computer.

Motherboard

The main circuit board that connects all components of the computer, including CPU, RAM, storage, and expansion cards.

Router

Connects multiple devices to the internet and directs data between them.

Switch

Connects multiple devices within a local area network (LAN).

Modem

Converts digital signals from a computer into analog signals for transmission and vice versa.

Hub

A simple device that connects multiple devices in a network and broadcasts data to all connected devices.

NIC (Network Interface Card)

A hardware component inside a computer or device that allows it to connect to a network.

Firewall Device

A security device (hardware or software) that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.

System Software

Controls and manages the computer hardware so other software can function.

Operating System

The main software that controls hardware and allows users to interact with the computer.

Utility Software

Programs that maintain, protect, and optimize computer performance.

Device Drivers

Specialized software that allows hardware devices to communicate with the operating system.

Firmware

a system software called BIOS, embedded software in appliances.

Application Software

Designed to help users perform specific tasks.

General Purpose Software

Applications used for everyday tasks like word processing or browsing.

Specialized Applications

Applications built for specific industries or professional needs.

Business Software

Programs that manage organizational processes like accounting, CRM, and ERP.

Media Software

A software used for creating, playing, or editing multimedia.

Communication Software

Software that enables interaction and information sharing.

Programming Software

a software tools that programmers use to create, test, and debug software.

Compilers

A programming software that can convert source code into machine code.

Interpreters

A programming software that executes code line-by-line.

Text Editors & IDEs

A programming software used for environments for writing, editing, and organizing code efficiently.

Debuggers

A programming software that is a tool used for testing and fixing errors in code.

Open-Source Software

Software whose source code is freely available for modification and distribution.

Proprietary Software

Software owned by a company or individual, with restricted use and distribution.

Freeware

Available at no cost with limited rights like chrome and skype.

Shareware

Software distributed for free on a trial basis, requiring payment for full access.

Malware (Malicious Software)

Harmful software designed to disrupt, steal, or damage computer systems.

CRT, LCD, LED

Cathode Ray Tube, Liquid Crystal Display, Light Emitting Diode

Cathode Ray Tube Monitor

a bulky display that uses electron beams to show images on screen.

Liquid Crystal Display Monitor

a flat display that uses liquid crystals and light to show images.

Light Emitting Diode Monitor

a flat display that uses tiny light diodes to create brighter and clearer images.

Organic Light Emitting Diode Monitor

A type of monitor that uses organic light emitting diode technology to display clearer and thinner screens.

Plasma Monitor

A type of monitor that uses plasma display technology.

Inkjet Printer

A type of printer that sprays liquid ink directly onto paper.

Laser Printer

A type of printer that uses a laser beam to produce high-quality text and graphics.

Dot Matrix Printer

A type of printer that uses pins to strike an ink ribbon and form characters on paper.

Thermal Printer

A type of printer that uses heat to print images on special paper.

3D Printer

A type of printer that creates three-dimensional objects by adding layers of material.

Hard Disk Drive

A storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve data.

Solid State Drive

A storage device that uses flash memory to store data.

Optical Disc

A storage device like CD, DVD, Blu-ray that uses laser technology to read and write data.

USB Flash Drive

A storage device that is portable and uses flash memory.

Memory Card

A small storage device used in cameras, phones, and gadgets.

External Hard Drive

A storage device that is portable and connects externally to the computer.

Cloud Storage

A type of storage that saves data on the internet through online servers.

Data Processing Cycle

- Collection - Preparation - Input - Processing - Interpretation - Storage -