BIOLOGY NOTES

para sa grades

Cells

-basic unit of life

-tiny individual structures that make up all living organisms, performing essential functions necessary for life. (tiny individual building blocks)

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CLASSICAL CELL THEORY

1. All organisms are made of cells.

2. The cell is the basic building block of life.

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells that have multiplied.

   (Rudolf Virchow)

OVERVIEW: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE

1. All organisms are made of cells.

2. The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live.

3. Cell structure is correlated to cellular function.

4. All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells.

PROKARYOTIC

-cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, typically smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.

-Bacteria and Archaea

-NUCLEIOD

EUKARYOTIC

-have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.

-Protists, fungi, animals and plants all consist eukaryotic cells.

-generally much larger than prokaryotic cells.

-has internal membranes that partition cell into organelles.

-NUCLEUS

Cytosol (cytoplasm)

-Semifluid substance

-jelly-like substance that holds organelles in place.

Chromosomes

• carry genes

Ribosomes

Make proteins

Plasma Membrane

a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients and a waste to service the volume of every cell.

Phospholipids(Double layer)

The general structure of a biological membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

-manufacturer

CELL WALL

-rigid structure outside the plasma membrane

-found in plant cell, maintains its shape and prevents excessive uptake of water.

Rough ER

producing PROTEINS

VACUOLES

-mo hold sa water

TURGOR PRESSURE

-Push the cell outwards

MITHOCHONDRIA

-powerhouse sa mga cells

-generate og ATP

CHROLOPLASTS

-makita sa plants

-photosynthesis

VESICLES

-tig carry sa mga proteins padung sa mga cells

GOLGI APPARATUS

-Shipping and receiving center

Lysosomes

-membranous sac

-digestive structure in the cell and acts as storage

-hydrolytic enzymes

ATP

-(adenosine triphosphate)

-"energy currency of the cell"

-it stores and transports the energy needed for various cellular activities

CYTOSKELETON

-Mo organize sa mga structures and organelles

PEROXISOME

-RECYLE

-use oxygen to break fatty acids

CELL MEMBRANE

-It is the outer boundary of the cell that controls what enters and exits.

NUCLEUS

-It controls the activities of the cell and contains the DNA.

CHROMATIN & CHROMATID

-MO CONDENSe ni sya before mahimong chromatin

-CHROMATID + CHROMATID = CHROMOSOMES

APOPTOSIS

CILIA

-mura syag mga buhok

• syay mo help mo move sa cell para safe ang cell

FLAGELLA

• mo consume og ATP

DYNEIN

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