Bone and Joint Pathodiagnosis Week 1

Functions of bone

support body and shape

Movement

Protection

Mineral storage (calcium, phosphjate, carbonate, magnesium, sodium, potassium

Hematopoiesis = formation of blood cellular components

What type of collagen is organic matrix of bone composed of?

Type 1

What percent of bone is organic matrix?

35%

What percentage of bone is inorganic matrix?

65%

Which bones are primarily composed of trabecular bone?

Skull and vertebral bodies

What are the 2 layers of the periosteum?

Outer fibrous layer and inner cambium layer

In which layer of the periosteum is osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity ongoing?

Inner cambium layer

Where is the endosteum located?

inner margin of the cortex and all trabeculae

What pathologies affect the epiphysis?

dysplasias, ischemia, arthritis, neoplasms

AKA for Physis

epiphyseal growth plate

What pathology affects the physis?

abnormal growth

What is the most metabolically active area of the bone during growth?

Metaphysis

Where is the metaphysis located?

between the physis and the shaft

What pathologies affect the metaphysis?

tumors and infection

What pathologies affect the diaphysis?

multiple myeloma, Ewing's sarcoma, and leukaemia

Which bone cell is derived from mesenchyme/embryonic connective tissue (mesoderm)

Osteoprogenitor/stem cell

Which bone cell's cytoplasm contains alkaline phosphatase?

Osteoblast

Which bone cell stains positive for type 1 collagen?

Osteoblast

Which bone cells are the mediators of Wolff's law?

Osteocyte

Which bone cell is a multinucleate cell capable of bone resorption?

Osteoclast

T or F: The osteoclast only functions if the matrix is mineralized

True

What is the end result of hyperaemia of a bone?

Osteoporosis

What is the end result of ischemia of a bone?

sclerosis

What is the name of bone formation where a bone forms with no preexisting cartilage model?

Intramembranous ossification

Which form of ossification predominates in the formation of skull and facial bones?

Intramembranous ossification

What is the name of bone formation using a cartilage model?

Endochondral ossification

What type of artery supplies the primary growth center and diaphysial region of the bone?

Nutrient arteries

What type of artery supplies the primary growth center, cortex, and periosteum?

Periosteal arteries

Which bone arteries anastomose?

Periosteal arteries

Which bone arteries arise from neighbouring systemic vessels?

Metaphyseal arteries

Prior to skeletal maturity, which arteries are subject to pooling and stasis, causing infection at bone ends?

Metaphyseal arteries

Which bone arteries arise from vessels surrounding the joints?

Epiphyseal arteries

Which bone arteries are unable to cross the cartilage growth plate prior to skeletal maturity?

Epiphyseal arteries

What type of collagen is cartilage made of?

type 2

What type of growth causes elongation?

Interstitial

What type of growth causes thickening

Appositional

What type of growth predominates in young, pliable cartilage?

Interstitial

In what type of growth does cartilage expand from within via growth of new chondrocytes?

Interstitial

What type of periosteal reaction is caused by a benign or slow-growing growth

Solid

What type of periosteal reaction is seen as a layering of the periosteum on x-ray

Laminated

What can cause a laminated periosteal reaction?

slow-growing benign or aggressive process

What type of periosteal reaction is seen as spiky "sunburst" periosteum on x-ray

Spiculated

What causes Codman's triangle?

aggressive processes

What is the name of the condition caused by something is growing in the bone and pushing on the adjacent cortex that creates indentations in the cortex?

Endosteal scalloping

T or F: Cartilage is radiolucent on x-ray

True

What are the three main types of Arthritis?

Inflammatory, Degenerative, Metabolic

Which type of arthritis involves soft tissue swelling and uniform loss of joint space?

Inflammatory

What type of arthritis involves non-uniform loss of joint space (osteophytes) and biomechanics imbalance?

Degenerative

Which type of arthritis involves soft tissue masses and well marginated bone lesions?

Metabolic

What is the most common type of arthritis?

Osteoarthritis

What type of osteoarthritis is associated with menopause and aging?

Primary

What type of osteoarthritis is associated with an underlying or predisposing factor, seen in younger people?

secondary

What is the name of a lipping or spurring of a bone?

Osteophyte

AKA for subchondral sclerosis

eburnation

In what joints is osteoarthritis most common?

weight bearing joints (hip, knee and spine) and small joints of the hand

T or F: Osteoarthritis is more common in men over 50 and women under 50

False (women over 50 and men under 50)