ೃ⁀➷ 𝐒𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞: 𝐍𝐨𝐧-𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬

incomplete dominance

Both alleles are partially expressed in an intermediate phenotype, resulting in a blended trait.

codominance

Both alleles of a trait are equally expressed, such as in a spotted cow from a black cow (BB) and a white cow (WW).

multiple alleles

When more than two varieties exist in a trait, such as blood group (ABO) in humans or coat color in animals.

examples of traits with multiple alleles

Blood group in humans, coat color in rabbits and mice, and eye color

I

Isoagglutinogen (antigen), a protein produced by plasma that plays a role in the immune system.

It triggers the immune system by detecting foreign germs.

How does the antigen function in the immune system?

directly kill or destroy foreign germs.

What is the role of antibodies?

epistasis

An interaction where one gene modifies or masks the phenotypic expression of another gene.

epistatic gene

A gene that does the masking or modifying in epistasis

hypostatic gene

The gene that is masked or modified by the epistatic gene.

modifying epistasis

When a gene at one locus changes the expression of the phenotype controlled by a gene at a second locus.

On the sex chromosomes (X or Y).

Where are the genes for sex-linked traits located?

females who are heterozygous for a sex-linked trait (XXc)

They are carriers; they do not show the trait but carry the gene.

color blindness

The inability to distinguish colors under normal lighting conditions, a recessive sex-linked trait.

hemophilia

A hereditary condition where blood fails to clot due to the absence of fibrin, typically passed to sons by their mothers.

sex-influenced traits

Autosomal traits that are influenced by sex, such as baldness.

By hormones such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.

How is baldness influenced?

IAIA or IAi

What is the genotype for blood type A?

Antigen A

What antigen is present in blood type A?

Antibody B

What antibody does blood type A produce?

A, O

Who can a person with blood type A receive blood from?

A, AB

Who can a person with blood type A donate blood to?

IBIB or IBi

What is the genotype for blood type B?

Antigen B

What antigen is present in blood type B?

Antibody A

What antibody does blood type B produce?

B, O

Who can a person with blood type B receive blood from?

B, AB

Who can a person with blood type B donate blood to?

IAIB

What is the genotype for blood type AB?

Antigens A and B

What antigens are present in blood type AB?

None

What antibody does blood type AB produce?

Universal receiver (A, B, AB, O)

Who can a person with blood type AB receive blood from?

AB

Who can a person with blood type AB donate blood to?

ii

What is the genotype for blood type O?

No antigen

What antigen is present in blood type O?

Antibodies A and B

What antibody does blood type O produce?

O

Who can a person with blood type O receive blood from?

Universal donor (A, B, AB, O)

Who can a person with blood type O donate blood to?