Social Psych Exam 3

prejustice

results when a baised, negative stereotype becomes coupled with negative “affective” or emotional reaction

• attitude

stereotyping

• belief

stereotypes can originate from:

• media

• family members & others

• everyday observations

example of stereotyping

if a teenage driver gets in an accident, “all teens are bad drivers”

discrimination

the behavioral expression of a prejustice

• behavior

microassault

to a marginalized group

microinsult

insensitivity or disregard of a person’s identity

micro invalidation

a comment or action that ignores or dismisses the thoughts, feelings or experiences of a member of an underrepresented group

“it’s not that big of a deal”

many individuals expressed confusion/stress over how to handle microaggressions due to different factors:

• uncertainty about microaggression

• familiarity with the people engaged in the microaggressions

• struggles with determining the appropriate response to the microagression

implicit bias

can be in contradiction to persons adapted beliefs & valies

confronting implicit bias on a personal level

seeing people as individuals rather than parts of the group they belong to

misogyny

stems from patriarchal ideologies that maintain male dominance

signs of misogyny (meant to undermine women)

dismissing women’s thoughts & opinions

• both in professional and personal realms

benevolent sexism

women are idealized as being better than men for stereotypically female qualities like being a caregiver or a good cook

example of stereotype threats

• women performed worse when told about comparing scores to men

• women performed equally when not knowing they would compare scores to men

gender prejustice TedTalk

TedTalk: the likability dilemma for women leaders. Robin Hauser

competence/liability dilemma

women unlike men are rarely perceived to be competent & likable

social identity

we evaluate ourselves partly by group memebers

• having a sense of “we-ness” strengthens our concepts

Jane Elliots “a class divided” experiment

divided class by eye color

• switch the next day

ethnocentrism

need to have an “out group” or a scapegoat to blame for individual/world problems (real or imagined)

contact hypothesis

the contact lats for a significant period of time

central route to persuasion

presenting facts, focusing on the topic ( evidence/facts)

peripheral route to persuasion

superficial factors

ex. attractiveness ( superficial/emotiona)

central route processing can lead to more enduring change than the peripheral route

TRUE

overtime, Watson’s behaviorism principles begin to apply to advertising:

• time focus is on tugging at the emotional string of consumers

• consumers miscoception that they are immune to manipulation of advertisements makes them more vulnerable misconception

• more exposure makes it more effective with time

pathos

most important of the three

communicator

more effective if the audience believes the communicator is not trying to persuade them

message

disinterested audience members take the peripheral route persuasion

the mood of the audience

people in unhappy moods are likely to look for central route (more critical)

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when the two messages are back-to-back, followed by a time gap, the primary effect (1st) usually occurs

• this is especially true when the first message stimulates thinking

foot in the door phenomenon- tendency for people who have first agreed to small request later comply to bigger

example: small request-”can I barrow the car for the evening?”

big request- “ can I use th car for a raod trip for 5 days

door in face phenomenon

the initial request must be rejected by the target person

face to face is more effective

• messages are best comprehended & recalled when written if a message is difficult to comprehend

reminiscence bump

more likely to remember events from your 2nd & 3rd decades of life than any others

social contagion

example: movie seems funnier or more emotional when you watch it in the theater in the presence of others

a cavet

keeping work groups small can also help members believe their contributions are undesirable

social loafing vs social facilitation

• when being observed increases evaluation concerns, social facilitation occurs

• when being lost in a crowd decreases evaluation concerns, social loafing occurs

deindividuation results from:

• feelings of anonymity

• lack of accountability

• the energizing effects of being lost in a crowd

group size

larger the group, the more its members lose self awareness & become willing commit atrocities

anonymous

children who had been asked their name & where they lived were less than ½ aa likely to transgress as those who were left anonymous

the principle

people who are self-conscious exhibit greater consistency between their words outside a situation and their deeds in it.

group polarization

when people express the ideas in their own words, the verbal commitment magnifies the impact

group thinking*

• a situation in which a group fixates on one decision & members blindly assume that it is a correct decision

• .

• amicable, cohesive group (close knit group)

• relate isolation of the group from dissenting view points

• directive leader who signals what decision they factor

8th group think symptom- Mind guards

protecting a leader or group from information that would call into question the effectiveness or morality of the groups decision

ways to prevent group think

• welcome critiques from outside experts and associates

• before implementing, call a “second chance” meeting to air any lingering doubts

the role of a leader

respectful to others

• one of the most vital qualities of a leader: to be respectful towards everyone in their team. a leader is most likely to gain respect if they show respect towards others

transformational leaders - inspire followers

think outside the box & encourage creativity amongst their followers

self actualization

the motivation to realize one’s full potential as a human being

theories of self esteem bottom three needs

deficiency needs

theories of self esteem top two needs

growth needs

what is at the bottom of theories of self esteem

physiological

relatedness

the need to belong might possibly be one of the strongest motivators

emotional attraction

plays a very key role in interpersonal relationships, including friendships& romantic relationships

attraction can change

it is important to realize that your needs & desires can change overtime; important to stay in open communication with your partner

anticipation

expecting that someone will be pleasant & compatible

• increase the chance of forming a reward relationship

matching phenomenon

people invest more in pursing someone whose attractiveness roulghly matches their own

halo effect

focusing on one particularly very positive feature about that person

attachment styles- anxious/ambivalent

“clinging” baby- extreme distress if parent leaves, angry when they return

• conflicts are full of emotions and often angry

• self-esteem fluctuates more based on feedback from others, especially romantic partners

passionate

a state of intense longing for union with another

• more common at the beginning of the relationship

companionate love (affection we feel)

it is characterized by long-term commitment, deep intimacy & trust

equability

the idea that people are motivated to pursue fairness, or equality, inn the relationships

self disclosure

intimate disclosure is a slow & cautious process

Debi Silber-”do you have post betrayal syndrome?’

• healing from betrayal is different than healing from other lifes curses- due to intentionality

• there is a systematic approach to healing from betrayal

• we cannot undo betrayal but we can prevent how long it affects us -lay the foundation for transformation

communication is key!

concentrate on the major problem, and not focus on other minor issues

four most harmful behaviors

stone walling- withdrawal from partner, refusal to interact emotionally

primary effect

info presented FIRST usually has the most influence

recency effect

info presented LAST sometimes has the most influence

logos. ethos. and pathos

logos - statistics & evidence

ethos - credibility

pathos- emotional