COM 11400 Purdue Test Out

Types of Plagiarism (1)

Misrepresentation, Cut & Paste, Incremental, Self-Plagiarism, Excessive Collaboration (1)

Misrepresentation (1)

"core plagiarism" taking someone else's work and claiming it as your own (1)

Cut & Paste (1)

piecing together info from multiple sources/small excerpts from articles (1)

Incremental (1)

failing to give credit for paraphrased material (1)

Self-Plagiarism (1)

saying something youve already said without addressing that the idea is new (1)

Excessive Collaboration (1)

when you work on something WITH someone rather than looking for criticism > claim all the work as your own (1)

Presentation Process (1)

1. Select Topic
2. Determine Purpose
3. Research
4. Organize
5. Practice (1)

systematic desensitization (1)

a tactic used to decrease communication apprehension
increasing audience situations (1)

cognitive restructuring (1)

practice of identifying one's own irrationalities, addressing & replacing them with proper beneficial realizations (1)

communication apprehension (1)

inability to make a speech caused by psychological factors > can be helped by training/counseling (1)

AA (Audience Analysis) (2)

Demographic, Psychological, Environmental (2)

Direct AA (2)

surveys, interviews/focus groups (3-12 people as a group) > gather info about your audience from your audience (2)

Indirect AA (2)

gathering info about your audience from anyone but your audience (2)

Demographic AA (2)

age, sex/gender geographical location, group affiliation, socioeconomic factors (2)

Psychological AA (2)

audience attitudes (motivation/mood/learning styles)
sensing/intuitive: factual vs abstract
visual/verbal: pictures vs stories/explanations
active/reflective: engage w/ groups vs thinking alone
sequential/global: step by step vs big picture (2)

Environmental AA (2)

physical setting, time of day, order of speakers, length of presentation, technology (2)

inoculation AA (2)

technique used to make people immune to attempts to change their attitude by first exposing them to small arguments against their position (2)

Narrowing down a topic (3)

general purpose > specific purpose > thesis statement

Narrative Transport (4)

Step by step flow of the story

Primacy Effect

audience remembers what they hear first

Recency Effect

audience remembers what they hear last

Patterns of Organization

spatial, topical, chronological, problem-solution, causal

Spatial Pattern

discuss relationship between material geographically or directionally

Topical Pattern

topic divides into subsets > topic is often broad

Transitions

directional, signposts, internal previews, internal summaries

Directional

now that we understand… lets dicuss

Signposts

transition words: first, second, thirdly, lastly

Internal Previews

comes before, within body of presentation or main point > only if material is lengthy or contains many subpoints

Internal Summaries

comes after, within body of presentation or main point > only if material is lengthy or contains many subpoints

Chunking

discussing info in chunks (sub-sub points with sub points/sub-points with points/points with body)

Localize statistics

relate material to audience members and their geographic lives directly

Extended example

more specific > mention effects on 1 family rather than a group of families in general

Hypothetical Example

providing a "you" situation

Types of supporting material

Statistics, examples, testimonies

Prestige Testimony

a celebrity or famous personality endorsing an opinion/giving a testimony

APA Style

Common format for bibliographies (American Psychological Association)

rule of 2+

must have at least two sub-subs within each sub and 2 subs within each main point and multiple main points

subordination

dot-dash but w/ letters and numbers
A. topic

1. sub topic
2. sub topic
   B. topic
3. sub topic
4. sub topic

News Presentations

providing useful/interesting info on a topic the audience may already know

instructional presentations

desire state (you want this)
prerequisite state (but first you need this)
interim state (do this)
unwanted state (avoid doing this)

transformative explanation

1. state the widely accepted theory
2. acknowledge the strength of the lay theory
3. explain the weaknesses to create dissatisfaction
4. explain the new scientific theory or position and why it works

elucidating explanations

makes something quite clear

quasi-scientific explanation

explains complex structures or processes by helping the audience pick out important features of the message and by organizing the material so the relationships are clear

Elaboration likelihood model (ELM)

2 routes to persuade depending on audience motivation and ability to process info
central & peripheral

Central Route (ELM)

critical thinking

Peripheral Route (ELM)

quick evaluation, audience relies on simple cues & decision rules (mental short cuts/rely on credibility/# of arguments)

Social Judgement Theory

People evaluate messages based on the latitude of their current attitudes on the spectrum of analysis (lattitude of acceptance/rejection/neutrality)

Active Agreement

requires both agreement and action

Passive Agreement

gaining acceptance for position w/out needing action

Ego Involvement

involving audiences self esteem in task or approaching a belief

Monroe's motivated sequence

move audience to immediate action
Introduction

1. attention step
2. credibility statement
3. relevance statement
4. thesis statement
   transition
   Body
5. MPI need step
   transition
   mbi2: satisfaction step
   transition
   mpi3: visualization step
   transition
   Conclusion
6. restate thesis
7. action step

refutative pattern

deflating opposition while bolstering your own argments

question of policy - problem case solution & problem solution 9

Problem-solution
specific purpose
thesis
main point 1
main point 2
Problem case
(same as above but adds the causes of the problem after the first two points)

trustworthiness

assessing a speakers honesty/justice/fairness etc

Strategies for persuasive presentation

Ethos/pathos/logos

derived credibility

credibility gained during presentation

terminal credibility

credibility at end of presentation

syllogism

3 step deductive argument
a. major premise - widely accepted statement
b. minor premise - observation of a case
c. conclusion

Fallacies

Argument ad hominem, Bandwagon, Slippery slope, False dilemma, Straw person, red herring, hasty generalization, invalid analogy

Argument ad hominem

personal attacks

Bandwagon

everybody's doing it

Slippery slope

chain of events are destined

False Dilemma

(or false dichotomy) gives two choices when many are present

Straw person

insert distorted or weaker version of someone else's view

red herring

diversion/irrelevance

hasty generalization

drawing conclusion when sample size is too small

extemporaneous delivery

speech given from outline

paralanguage

vocal features that accompany speech and contribute to communication but are not generally considered part of the language system

vocal fillers/vocal nonfluencies

Uh, Um, But

Gestures

Adaptors: fidgeting
emblems: gestures that = language (thumbs up = ok)
illustrations: hand or arm motions that enhance message

simultaneous translation

audience wears headphones

delayed transitions

translator follows and asks for clarification

Assertion evidence model

images should be explanatory - NOT decorative (sometimes add text to help)

Task conflict

prevents "group think" > conflict leads to differing opinion

resource interdependent

group members depend on eachother to enhance indiv. research and catalyze progress

synchronous presentation

audience watches at the same time

asynchronous presentation

audience observes recording

distributed audience

audience from around the globe

on-demand presentation

prerecorded > access any time

webinar

online seminar

the new backchannel

Q&A interaction beyond conference room > via social media etc