health psych socrative exam 3

Obesity has been linked to which of the following cognitive factors?

a. being anxious

b. being depressed

c. not paying attention to what you’re eating

d. not remembering what you have eaten

e. both c and d

e. both c and d

The finding that you are more likely to be obese if the people that you know, such as your spouse, your friend, or your partner, are obese speaks to the effect of ___ on overeating.

a. social facilitation

b. social networks

c. social control

d. social support

b. social networks

The psychobiosocial model of obesity states that obesity is caused by:
a. aspects of the physical environment, such as food deserts

b. aspects of the social environment, such as social and cultural norms around food acquisition and preparation

c. genetic factors

d. behavioral factors, such as binge eating and eating high caloric foods

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

One of the most effective interventions for obesity in adults, in that it produces large reductions in weight that are maintained for a long period of time, is:
a. education

b. behavioral therapy, including both diet and exercise

c. drug intervention

d. bariatric surgery

e. c and d

d. bariatric surgery

The main difference between alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence is:
a. that alcohol abuse is genetic

b. that people drink at higher rates (i.e, consume more alcohol per week) in alcohol abuse

c. physiological characteristics of addiction, like withdrawal and tolerance, in alcohol dependence disorder

d. all of the above

c. physiological characteristics of addiction, like withdrawal and tolerance, in alcohol dependence disorder

Beliefs about what positive or negative consequences will occur when you are drinking are called:
a. outcome expectancies

b. perceived benefits

c. self-efficacy to avoid drinking
d. perceived norms

a. outcome expectancies

The inability to stop drinking once you have started is called:
a. tolerance

b. physical dependence

c. loss of control

d. craving

c. loss of control

The idea that heavy drinking by itself leads to serious alcohol problems is called the ___ model of alcohol problems.

a. addiction

b. disease

c. alcohol dependence syndrome

d. short-term reinforcement selectivity

a. addiction

According to a modification of the social cognitive theory, when individuals first start to exercise, they do so largely because of:
a. extrinsic motivation, like weight and appearance

b. intrinsic motivation, like sheer enjoyment

c. combination of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation

d. the support of others

a. extrinsic motivation, like weight and appearance

Most of the research literature suggests that girls are less active than boys in sports because:
a. they see sports as incompatible with femininity

b. they have negative experience in physical education

c. there is little family or community support for girls playing sports

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

People who have a low SES are less likely to exercise for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

a. they see exercise as a leisure activity

b. they have fewer resources

c. they see less benefits in terms of long term health

d. they have less self control

a. they see exercise as a leisure activity

A specific negotiated agreement that states that the desired outcome of one’s health behavior and the positive reinforcements one will receive upon completion of that outcome is called:
a. contingency contracting

b. self-monitoring

c. motivational interviewing

d. proxy efficacy

a. contingency contracting

When considering how to help people who are in the contemplation stage of exercise, the transtheoretical model suggests that the best strategy for helping those individuals would be to:

a. make them aware of the obstacles to maintaining exercise

b. send out emails or texts to people reminding them of their goals

c. persuade people that they can overcome barriers to beginning exercise

d. none of the above

c. persuade people that they can overcome barriers to beginning exercise

All of these groups are more likely to smoke than their counterpart EXCEPT:

a. Women more than men

b. Native Americans more than Asian Americans

c. Those in poor communities more than richer communities

d. Those with less education more than those with higher education

d. Those with less education more than those with higher education

Over the past several years there has been a decline in smoking across all age groups all over the world. True or false?

True

Why do people continue to smoke even though they know it is bad for them?

a. fear of weight gain- I’ll gain weight if I stop smoking

b. addiction- I can’t stop no matter how hard I try

c. Optimistic bias- it wont happen to me

d. All of the above

d. All of the above

When somebody slips up, has one cigarette and feels like a failure and goes back to smoking, this is called:

a. cessation fatigue

b. abstinence violation effect

c. addiction conformity effect

d. optimistic bias

b. abstinence violation effect

What is the best approach to deterring smoking in children in the long term?

a. D.A.R.E - educational-based programming

b. interactive school-based programming

c. community efforts like mass media campaigns and legal efforts to restrict underage smoking

d. family conversations around the dangers of smoking

c. community efforts like mass media campaigns and legal efforts to restrict underage smoking

Most people who quit, quit on their own without any therapeutic intervention or medication. True or false?

True

All of the following are true about the health effects of quitting smoking EXCEPT:

a. A reduction of all-cause mortality by 36%

b. The risk of heart disease declines

c. The risk of all types of cancer is altogether gone

d. An increase in life expectancy

c. The risk of all types of cancer is altogether gone

All of the following groups have a harder time quitting EXCEPT:

a. Women more than men

b. Those who use alcohol and drugs

c. Older smokers more than younger smokers

d. Well-educated individuals more than lower educated individuals

d. Well-educated individuals more than lower educated individuals

Which factor contributes to smoking?

a. for teens especially, social pressure from friends and family and a desire to fit in

b. pressure from advertising

c. genetics

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is the correct definition of a food desert?

a. the scarcity of healthy food in certain neighborhoods

b. the lack of parks and safe spaces to eat in neighborhoods

c. diets that focus on just one or two foods

d. the lack of junk food in a particular neighborhood

a. the scarcity of healthy food in certain neighborhoods

Children tend to eat more because they see their parents, especially their mothers overeating and cooking foods high in fat and sugar. This is an example of __, which is a variable associated with the Social Cognitive Theory by Bandura.

a. self-efficacy

b. observational learning

c. operant conditioning

d. classical conditioning

b. observational learning

The two cognitive factors that are significantly associated with overeating or obesity are:

a. deviance proness; subjective norms

b. low self-control, low self esteem

c. low perceived benefits, low perceived costs

d. not paying attention to what one eats during the day and not remembering what one ate during the day

d. not paying attention to what one eats during the day and not remembering what one ate during the day

The ability to change the number and size of fat cells one has, as well as one’s metabolic rate, through exercise and controlled eating, and thus achieve a new set point for one’s weight is called:

a. positive incentive theory

b. basal fat cell theory

c. metabolic syndrome theory

d. settling-point theory

d. settling-point theory

The psychobiosocial model of obesity states that obesity is caused by all of the following EXCEPT:

a. environmental factors like social norms around food acquisition/preparation

b. behavioral factors like overeating and eating foods high in sugar and fat

c. genetic factors like specific genes associated with overeating and undereating

d. the presence of substance abuse disorder (i.e, binge drinking) and regular smoking

d. the presence of substance abuse disorder (i.e, binge drinking) and regular smoking

Which of the following EMOTIONAL variables leads to undereating (i.e, eating less)?

a. pessimism

b. regret

c. depression

d. anxiety

c. depression

Diets are relatively ineffective because of restraint release. This refers to a dieter’s tendency to:

a. exercise less in order to compensate for any excess calories eaten

b. overeat after they have eaten a high caloric meal or when they are stressed out

c. eat the same amount as people in their social network

d. try to restrain their food intake more when they see they are not losing weight

b. overeat after they have eaten a high caloric meal or when they are stressed out

Which of the following is not an effective intervention for reducing obesity?

a. food diaries

b. medication

c. education

d. bariatric surgery

c. education

The fact that you are more likely to be obese if a significant other in your life is obese is an indication of the influence of ___ on eating.

a. self-management

b. self-efficacy to avoid food

c. perceived control

d. social networks

d. social networks

Binge drinking or alcohol abuse is more common among individuals who are high on all of the following traits EXCEPT:

a. sensation-seeking

b. neuroticism

c. hostility

d. extraversion

c. hostility

Alcohol problems are more common in which of the following populations?

a. lower SES individuals

b. high SES individuals

c. older adults

d. African American men

b. high SES individuals

According to the DSM-V, the main difference between alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence is that:

a. alcohol abuse is highly genetic, whereas alcohol dependence is not

b. alcohol dependence is not associated with major disruptions to one’s personal and social life, whereas alcohol abuse is

c. alcohol dependence is associated with physiological characteristics of addiction whereas alcohol abuse is not

d. alcohol abuse responds to educational interventions whereas alcohol dependence does not

c. alcohol dependence is associated with physiological characteristics of addiction whereas alcohol abuse is not

The MOST effective intervention for alcohol disorders, particularly for those in the later stages of alcoholism is:

a. psychotherapy, or more specifically contingency contracting

b. in-patient treatment or rehab

c. the medication called antabuse

d. a brief intervention with a health care provider that is unplanned

a. psychotherapy, or more specifically contingency contracting

Which of the following type of studies reveals the best (most convincing) evidence that alcohol disorders are highly heritable?

a. twin studies

b. adoption studies

c. family studies

d. a and b

e. a, b and c

d. a and b

The theory that proposes a. that alcohol disorders can develop in anyone as a result of heavy drinking, but is especially likely to do so for those with a genetic predisposition AND b. that heavy drinkers display only impaired (not TOTAL lack of) control over their ability to stop or avoid drinking is called the ___ model.

a. restraint release theory

b. addiction model

c. alcohol dependence syndrome

d. disease model

c. alcohol dependence syndrome

If you believe that your friends would disapprove of your drinking, and you drink less, this demonstrates the influence of the following alcohol-related cognition:

a. contingency contracting

b. self-efficacy to avoid alcohol

c. conditional approval norms

d. subjective (injunctive) norms

d. subjective (injunctive) norms

Despite her best attentions, when Jessica goes out for drinking for the night, she drinks more than she had planned and for longer than she had planned. This is an example of:

a. withdrawal

b. craving

c. loss of control

d. tolerance

c. loss of control

Consuming at least 4 or 5 drinks in a row in one sitting is called:

a. binge drinking

b. continuous drinking

c. alcohol dependence

d. alcohol consumption recurrence

a. binge drinking

According to a modification of the Social Cognitive Theory for physical exercise, when individuals who have been exercising for a long time engage in physical activity, they do so largely because of:

a. extrinsic motivation, like weight and appearance

b. intrinsic motivation, like sheer enjoyment

c. anticipated regret

d. the support and encouragement of others

b. intrinsic motivation, like sheer enjoyment

Which of the following would be an example of the influence of built environment on our tendency to engage in exercise?

a. Men get more exercise because it is more socially acceptance for men to exercise

b. Students get more exercise because there are no escalators or elevators at their college, only stairs

c. Women in a running group get more exercise because of the support they give one another

d. Low SES individuals get less exercise because of their association between physical activity and everyday chores and work

b. Students get more exercise because there are no escalators or elevators at their college, only stairs

The Transtheoretical Model suggests that the best strategy for promoting exercise or physical activity in those individuals who are currently in the maintenance stage is to:

a. give them information about the costs of not exercising

b. emails, texts, and phone calls reminding them of their original goals

c. persuade them that they can overcome barriers to beginning exercise

d. increase their self-efficacy

b. emails, texts, and phone calls reminding them of their original goals

Which variable was added to the Theory of Planned Behavior as another determinant of physical activity or exercise?

a. attitudes

b. subjective norms

c. anticipated regret

d. cues to action

c. anticipated regret

Unlike other types of health behaviors such as drinking, exercise demonstrates a ___ relationship, that is, the more you exercise, the better your health outcomes.

a. settling-point

b. dose-response

c. curvilinear

d. stage

b. dose-response

Which of the following variables in the Theory of Planned Behavior is most predictive of exercise?

a. perceived control

b. self-efficacy

c. attitudes

d. subjective norms

c. attitudes

A specific negotiated agreement that states the desired goals or outcomes regarding one’s health behavior and the consequences, namely punishments or reinforcements, of meeting or failing to meet those goals is called ____, a cognitive behavioral intervention used to promote exercise or physical activity.

a. outcome expectancies

b. motivational interviewing

c. self-regulatory instrumental conditioning

d. contingency contracting

d. contingency contracting

Which of the following explains why girls participate in sports at lower rates than boys?

a. all of the other answers

b. gender norms around physical exercise

c. a lack of funding for girls’ sports

d. the lack of family and/or community support

a. all of the other answers

Which of the following health behaviors is the leading cause of death worldwide?

a. lack of exercise/sedentary lifestyle

b. drinking

c. smoking

d. eating an obesogenic diet

a. lack of exercise/sedentary lifestyle

Which of the following factors from the Social Cognitive Theory by Bandura impacts eating?

a. self-efficacy

b. anticipated regret

c. perceptions of the severity of obesity

d. the preparation stage of dieting

a. self-efficacy

Beliefs about what positive or negative consequences there will be as a result of drinking is called:

a. outcome expectancies

b. contemplations

c. self-efficacy to avoid alcohol

d. perceived norms

a. outcome expectancies