Gastrulation, Pregnancy, and Breastfeeding Overview

Gastrulation

the development of the organs and these three layers

Endoderm

inner layer -> gut, liver, lungs

Mesoderm

middle layer -> skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart, blood

Ectoderm

outer layer -> skin, nervous system

First trimester

these are not functional but by the third trimester they are

Brain and spinal cord (CNS)

are the first ones to start forming

Critical Period

says 15-56 (organogenesis) -> first trimester

Teratogen

anything that can cross the placenta membrane and get into the babies blood and cause problems (drugs, chemicals, infection, radiation)

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

a condition resulting from alcohol exposure during pregnancy

Smoking

Second hand can be just as bad as smoking it yourself

BPA and Phthalates

found in plastics and cans

Pregnancy duration for humans

pregnant for 266 days

Pregnancy duration for twins

~35 weeks

Pregnancy duration for triplets

~33 weeks

Pregnancy duration for quads

~29 weeks

Medically-Induced Abortion

a procedure to terminate a pregnancy through medical means

Mifepristone (RU486)

an abortion pill that acts as a progesterone antagonist

Dilation and Evacuation (D and E)

a surgical procedure sometimes used after a miscarriage

Gestational Diabetes

High glucose levels from mom transported to baby -> cause baby to put on more weight

Preeclampsia

high blood pressure during pregnancy with proteins in urine and blood increase over time

Group B Strep

A bacteria that can make newborn babies sick

Rh Negative

Protein that is on red blood cells; Positive and negative on blood type correlates to the rH negative or positive

Twins

Identical (monozygotic), fraternal (dizygotic) - Conjoined twins are always identical.

Reproductive Changes

Enlargement of breast, uterus, oviducts, ovaries; Increased cervical and vaginal secretions; Braxton hicks.

Additional Caloric Needs

Need an additional 300 calories.

Respiratory Changes

Increased respiratory volume; Shortness of breath (dyspnea).

Excretory Changes

Increased frequency of urination; Kidney infection.

Digestive Changes

Nausea 'motion sickness'; Excessive salivation; Heartburn; Constipation; Gas; Gingivitis.

Cardiovascular Changes

Increased total blood volume; Increased heart rate changes; General edema (swelling); Varicose veins.

Muscle and Skeletal Changes

Joints soften and stretch; Wobble and backache.

Integument Changes

Stretch marks; Increased pigmentation; Areola and genitals; Chloasma; Linea nigra; Acne; Increased growth of hair and nails.

Labor and Delivery

Estrogen helps stimulate the uterus to help make receptors to oxytocin; The oxytocin comes from the posterior pituitary gland; Positive feedback -> uterus contracts -> placenta makes more prostaglandins.

Stage One: Labor

Uterine contractions; Cervix is dilating and effacement occurs (thinning of the cervix); If the mucus plug is present the cervix has not yet dilated.

Stage Two: Parturition

Crowning and delivery of the baby; The baby turns in order to have a smooth delivery; Umbilical cord.

Stage Three: Postpartum

Delivery of the placenta -> will come out on its own; Will bleed for a little while because the endometrium is shedding; Some women have postpartum blues or depression.

Anatomy of the Breast

Nothing should come out of your breasts unless you are lactating; Areola: the tissue that surrounds the breast (made up of estrogen) -> becomes darker in order for baby to latch on.

Breastmilk

First milk: colostrum; Yellow, thick, sticky, nutrients, antibodies; Passive immunity: have some immunity to something without actually being exposed to it; Full Breast: foremilk; Bluish, watery, lactose (milk sugar), proteins; Near empty breast: hindmilk; Yellowish, creamy, fat.

Hormonal Control of Lactation

The sucking on the breast will stimulate oxytocin and prolactin; Prolactin: stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk and is on the anterior side; Oxytocin: will contract to make the breast milk come out.

Engorgement Types

Type One- breast at birth; Type Two- breast after puberty; Type Three- breast with pregnancy after 32 weeks; Type Four- breast with milk.

Breastfeeding Technique

Baby should latch not only onto the nipple but on the areola.