Microbiology - test 1

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86 Terms

1

What is the path of light in a light microscope?

Light passes from the light source to the condenser, focuses on the specimen, passes through to the objective lens, and then to the ocular lens.

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2

What is passive transport?

Movement of substances down the concentration gradient (high to low) without using energy.

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3

What is active transport?

Movement of substances against the concentration gradient (low to high) requiring energy, usually ATP.

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4

What is glycocalyx?

A sticky, sugar-rich outer covering found on some bacteria that protects the cell and helps in adhesion.

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5

What is dehydration synthesis?

A chemical reaction that joins two molecules by removing water.

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6

What is the purpose of spore staining?

To differentiate between spore-forming and non-spore-forming bacteria.

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7

What are the properties of water that make it essential for life?

Polarity, cohesion and adhesion, high specific heat, and solvent properties.

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8

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, where hydrophilic heads face outward and hydrophobic tails face inward.

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9

How do light microscopes differ from electron microscopes?

Light microscopes use visible light with a magnification up to 1000x, while electron microscopes use electron beams with magnification up to 1,000,000x.

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10

What is an amine group?

A functional group (-NH2) found in amino acids that is basic in nature.

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11

What is the role of phospholipids?

Key components of cell membranes containing a hydrophilic phosphate group and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

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12

What is the function of the capsule in bacteria?

Prevents phagocytosis and aids in biofilm formation.

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13

What happens in facilitated diffusion?

Passive transport mechanism that uses channel or carrier proteins to move substances across the membrane.

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14

What occurs during endocytosis?

A process where large particles are transported into the cell.

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15

What is the primary stain used in spore staining?

Malachite green.

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16

What is the definition of osmosis?

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

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17

What is a key characteristic of the capsule structure?

It is a thick, gelatinous layer outside of the cell wall.

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18

Why is high specific heat important for water?

It allows water to absorb a lot of heat before changing temperature, stabilizing temperatures.

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19

Prokaryote

A type of cell that has no membrane-bound nucleus, typically with one circular chromosome.

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20

Eukaryote

A type of cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus and paired chromosomes.

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21

Binary fission

The method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes in which a cell divides into two genetically identical cells.

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22

Capsule

A closed structure that is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall, often contributing to virulence by preventing phagocytosis.

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23

Flagella

Long, filamentous appendages that propel bacteria, composed of protein flagellin.

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24

Fimbriae

Hairlike appendages that allow for attachment to surfaces.

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25

Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria characterized by a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall.

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26

Gram-negative bacteria

Bacteria characterized by a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.

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27

Teichoic acid

Molecules found in gram-positive bacterial cell walls, providing structural support and regulating cation movement.

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28

Peptidoglycan

A polymer that forms the structural component of the bacterial cell wall.

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29

Osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.

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30

Endosome

A membrane-bound compartment inside eukaryotic cells that contains endocytosed materials.

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31

Nucleoid

A region within prokaryotic cells where the circular DNA (chromosome) is located.

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32

Mitochondria

Organelles that are the sites of ATP production through cellular respiration.

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33

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells that are involved in photosynthesis.

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34

Cilia

Short projections used for locomotion or moving substances along the cell surface, numerous in number.

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35

Endospores

Resistant structures produced by some bacteria during nutrient depletion, capable of withstanding harsh conditions.

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36

Mycoplasmas

Bacteria that lack cell walls, often having sterols in their plasma membrane.

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37

Archaea

Microorganisms similar to bacteria but with distinct biochemistry and genetics, sometimes having pseudomurein cell walls.

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38
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39
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40
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41
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42

What is the smallest unit of matter that cannot be subdivided into smaller substances?

Atom

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43

What are the three primary components of an atom?

Electrons, protons, and neutrons.

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44

What is the atomic number of an element?

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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45

What is the difference between atomic mass and atomic number?

Atomic mass is the total number of protons and neutrons, while atomic number is just the number of protons.

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46

What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

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47

What type of bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?

Covalent bond

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48

What is a cation?

An atom that loses electrons and becomes positively charged.

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49

What defines a hydrogen bond?

A bond formed when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an oxygen or nitrogen atom is attracted to another oxygen or nitrogen atom.

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50

Define a covalent bond.

A bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

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51

What does it mean for a compound to be organic?

It contains carbon and typically also hydrogen.

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52

What is the pH scale used to measure?

The acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

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53

What substance can act as both an acid and a base?

Amphoteric substance.

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54

What are carbohydrates primarily used for in living organisms?

They serve as cell structures and energy sources.

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55

What is dehydration synthesis?

A reaction in which two molecules are joined by the removal of water.

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56

What is the primary structure of proteins?

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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57

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides.

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58

Define ATP.

Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for cellular reactions.

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59

How do simple lipids differ from complex lipids?

Simple lipids consist of glycerol and fatty acids, while complex lipids may also contain phosphates and other elements.

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60

What is the role of enzymes in cellular processes?

They act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

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61

What characterizes an exergonic reaction?

It releases energy.

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62

What does the term 'anabolism' refer to?

The synthesis of molecules in a cell.

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63

How does the tertiary structure of proteins form?

It occurs when the secondary structures fold irregularly, forming a complex three-dimensional shape.

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64

What are macromolecules?

Large molecules formed by the combination of smaller subunits called monomers.

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65

Microscopy

The use of microscopes to observe small objects that are not visible to the naked eye.

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66

Total Magnification

The overall magnification of an image, calculated by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the ocular lens.

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67

Resolution

The ability of a microscope to distinguish between two points that are close together.

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68

Refractive Index

A measure of the bending ability of light as it passes through a medium.

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69

Brightfield Illumination

A microscopy technique where dark objects are visible against a bright background.

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70

Darkfield Microscopy

A technique that makes light objects visible against a dark background, using a special condenser.

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71

Phase-Contrast Microscopy

Allows examination of living specimens by bringing together direct and diffracted light rays.

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72

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopy

Uses two light beams and prisms to enhance the contrast and color of the specimen.

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73

Fluorescence Microscopy

A method that uses UV light and fluorescent substances to illuminate specimens.

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74

Confocal Microscopy

Uses a laser to illuminate a single plane of a specimen and construct a three-dimensional image.

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75

Two-Photon Microscopy

A technique that uses long-wavelength light to excite fluorescent dyes in thick specimens.

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76

Electron Microscopy

Uses electrons instead of light to visualize small objects, offering greater resolution.

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77

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

A type of electron microscopy that passes electrons through ultra-thin sections of a specimen.

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78

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Provides three-dimensional images by scanning the surface of a specimen with a beam of electrons.

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79

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Uses a tungsten probe to reveal details of a specimen's surface at near-atomic resolution.

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80

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

Uses a metal-and-diamond probe to produce detailed three-dimensional images of a specimen.

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81

Simple Stains

Use of a single basic dye to enhance visualization of the entire microorganism.

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82

Gram Stain

A differential stain that classifies bacteria into gram-positive and gram-negative based on cell wall structure.

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83

Acid-Fast Stain

Identifies mycobacteria based on their waxy cell wall that resists decolorization.

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84

Negative Staining

A staining technique that colors the background rather than the cells, highlighting capsules.

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85

Endospore Staining

A method to visualize internal, dormant structures in bacteria that are resistant to staining.

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86

Flagella Staining

A technique to thicken and visualize flagella, the structures that enable bacterial locomotion.

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